Hominid Migration Retracing Our Journey

1. Hominid MigrationRetracing Our Journey

2. Orrorin tugenensis �Original Man� 6.2-5.6 mya Discovered at Tugen Hills, Kenya fall 2000 Fossil Evidence: single phalanx, mandibular fragments, teeth w/ thick enamel, femur fragments, (According to discoverers, femora indicate obligate bipedalism) THE �missing link�??????? Highly debated at present At approximately 6.0 million years, Orrorin tugenensis lived near the time when genetic analysis suggest our oldest hominid ancestor split from the oldest ncestor of the great apes. Could O. tugenensis be THE �missing link�?At approximately 6.0 million years, Orrorin tugenensis lived near the time when genetic analysis suggest our oldest hominid ancestor split from the oldest ncestor of the great apes. Could O. tugenensis be THE �missing link�?

3. Orrorin tugenensis Fossil Femur Fragments

4. Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 mya Discovered at Aramis, Ethiopia DEC 1992 Fossil Evidence: juvenile mandible, skull fragments, several arm bone fragments, teeth fragments

5. Australopithecus anamensis �Southern Ape-Man� 4.2-3.9 mya Discovered at Kanapoi, Kenya 1994 Fossil Evidence: tibia fragments, mandible w/ teeth

6. Australopithecus afarensis 4.0-2.7 mya Discovered at Hadar, Ethiopia 1973 �Lucy� 3.2 myo partial skeleton, 1974 �Laetoli Footprints� 3.6 myo, 1978

7. Australopithecus afarensis Vicinity of first discovery, Hadar EthiopiaVicinity of first discovery, Hadar Ethiopia

8. Kenyanthropus platyops �Flat-faced Man of Kenya� 3.5-3.3 mya Discovered at Lake Turkana, Kenya 1999 Highly debated; some view K. platyops as an Australopithecine, while others place it along with Homo rudolfensis that arose almost 1.0 million years after the Australopithecines

9. Hominid Timeline We gone from Orrorin tugenensis to Kenyanthropus platyops. Next comes A. africanus. Note that the genus Homo in the upper left includes H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis. Note also the overlap in time of H. erectus, H. habilis, and H. rudolfensis.We gone from Orrorin tugenensis to Kenyanthropus platyops. Next comes A. africanus. Note that the genus Homo in the upper left includes H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis. Note also the overlap in time of H. erectus, H. habilis, and H. rudolfensis.

10. Australopithecus africanus 3.0-2.0 mya Discovered at Taung, South Africa First long-distance migration??????????????? Evolved from previous pioneers???????????? First to make & use tools???????? Nearly identical to A. afarensis in brain & body size Maxilla and mandible are more fully rounded, much like modern humans There is speculation among some as to whether or not A. africanus may have been the first hominid species to make and use tools. This coincides with the time stone tools begin to appear. It is also suggested that A. africanus may have been the first hominid to migrate southward. The alternative is that they evolved from another species that already inhabited that portion of South Africa, such as A. afarensis, assuming that this species migrated southward first. There is speculation among some as to whether or not A. africanus may have been the first hominid species to make and use tools. This coincides with the time stone tools begin to appear. It is also suggested that A. africanus may have been the first hominid to migrate southward. The alternative is that they evolved from another species that already inhabited that portion of South Africa, such as A. afarensis, assuming that this species migrated southward first.

11. Australopithecus africanus A. Africanus discovery sites. Notice the southward distribution as opposed to the north.A. Africanus discovery sites. Notice the southward distribution as opposed to the north.

12. Australopithecus aethiopicus �The Black Skull� 2.7-2.3 mya Discovered at Lake Turkana, Kenya 1984 Prominent sagittal crest Thought by some to be ancestor to A. robustus and A. boisei Thought by some to be a nearly perfect intermediate between A. afarensis and A. boisei A. afarensis, A. aethiopicus, and, A. boisei have been found in the same geographic region, and overlapped in time. This suggests that little migration has occurred. The prominent sagittal crest found in A. aethiopicus is also observed in A. boisei. This may suggest that A. boisei descended (evolved) from A. aethiopicus. (NOTE: the disappearance of A. aethiopicus coincides with the appearance of A. boisei. Also note that at approximately 2.5-2.0 mya, a significant divergence occurs between the Australopithecines and Homo).A. afarensis, A. aethiopicus, and, A. boisei have been found in the same geographic region, and overlapped in time. This suggests that little migration has occurred. The prominent sagittal crest found in A. aethiopicus is also observed in A. boisei. This may suggest that A. boisei descended (evolved) from A. aethiopicus. (NOTE: the disappearance of A. aethiopicus coincides with the appearance of A. boisei. Also note that at approximately 2.5-2.0 mya, a significant divergence occurs between the Australopithecines and Homo).

13. Australopithecus garhi 2.5 mya Discovered at Bouri Formation, Ethiopia 1997 Possible evolutionary link between Australopithecines and Homo Some suggest first to make and use tools and eat meat Most specimens lack prominent sagittal crest Did environmental conditions change and alter diet?? Within roughly 600,000 year window before mass migration out of Africa.Within roughly 600,000 year window before mass migration out of Africa.

14. Homo rudolfensis 2.4-1.8 mya Discovered at Koobi Fora, Kenya 1986 Thought by some to be early form of Homo habilis If it is a distinct species, it would be the earliest known member of the genus Homo

15. Australopithecus boisei 2.3-1.4 mya Formerly known as Zinjanthropus boisei for (�Zanzibar Man�) Discovered at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania 1959 Sagittal crest not as prominent as Australopithecus aethiopicus

16. Homo habilis �Handy Man� 2.3-1.6 mya Discovered at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania 1963 Wealth of tools found along with fossils RIGHT: Comparison of male & female skullsRIGHT: Comparison of male & female skulls

17. Homo habilis H. habilis site mapH. habilis site map

18. Australopithecus robustus 1.9-1.6 mya Discovered at Kromdraai, South Africa 1938 Found only in southern Africa thus far Note prominent sagittal crest of skull A. Robustus lineage arose as A. africanus disappeared. The question could be asked, �Is A. robustus a direct descendent of A. africanus. If so, did the africanus lineage migrate southward, where robustus arose, or did robustus lineage arise in central africa and migrate southward?�.A. Robustus lineage arose as A. africanus disappeared. The question could be asked, �Is A. robustus a direct descendent of A. africanus. If so, did the africanus lineage migrate southward, where robustus arose, or did robustus lineage arise in central africa and migrate southward?�.

19. Australopithecus robustus

21. Homo erectus Some divide Homo erectus into three distinct species based on where fossil evidence has been found, and , to a lesser extent, on the relative ages of the fossils. They are, however, morphologically similar.Some divide Homo erectus into three distinct species based on where fossil evidence has been found, and , to a lesser extent, on the relative ages of the fossils. They are, however, morphologically similar.

22. Homo ergaster African erectus* 1.9-1.5 mya Discovered at Koobi Fora, Kenya Some designate as an early form of H. erectus that lived only on the African continent (Highly debated) Fossil Evidence: �Turkana Boy� Lake Turkana, Kenya 1984

23. Homo erectus Asian erectus* 1.9-0.25 mya Discovered at Trinil, Indonesia 1891 Fossil Evidence: skull fragments; �Java Man� Java, Indonesia 1891

24. Homo heidelbergensis European erectus* 0.6-0.1 mya Discovered at Heidelberg, Germany 1907 Fossil Evidence: �Mauer Mandible� 1907; �Petralona� Petralona, Greece (Debated); �Tautavel Man� France (Debated); �Kabwe Man� Kabwe, Zambia 1921 Note the inclusion of an African H. heidelbergensis specimen.Note the inclusion of an African H. heidelbergensis specimen.

25. Homo neanderthalensis 0.2-0.03 mya Discovered at Neander Valley, Germany Some consider H. heidelbergensis earlier form of H. neanderthalensis Increased body mass, although average male height was 5ft 6in Coexisted along with Cro-Magnon man (Homo sapiens) for 70,000 years Fossil Evidence: intact skulls, nearly complete skeletons: �Spy� (pronounced �spee�) Belgium 1886; �Old Man� France 1908 Evidence of culture in the form of ritualistic burial sites and care for elderly and infirm Did H. sapiens drive the neanderthals to extinction? Could neanderthals interbreed with H. sapiens and simply form a hybrid species that is modern H. sapiens?Did H. sapiens drive the neanderthals to extinction? Could neanderthals interbreed with H. sapiens and simply form a hybrid species that is modern H. sapiens?

26. Homo neanderthalensis

27. Homo sapiens �Modern Man� 0.13 mya-present Fossil Evidence: �Qafzeh IX�, Israel approx. 95,000 years; �Klasies River Mouth�, South Africa, approx. 90,000 years Evidence of culture in the form of cave paintings; �Chauvet Cave Paintings� earliest known at approx. 32,000 years

28. Homo sapiens

29. Out Of Africa When & Why

30. Environmental Changes WHEN: 3.0-2.4 mya WHY: Cooling off of Central African continent Drier, i.e., less annual rainfall Loss of lush forest habitat enjoyed by the australopithecines Coinciding loss/change of food & shelter resources Grasslands emerged Seasonal shifts became more prominent leading to adaptive changes in life habits

31. Environmental Changes (con�t) Foraging for fruits and nut gave way to scavenging for animal matter Arboreal existence gave way to �ground pounding�

32. Primary Morphological Adaptations Upright posture Bipedal stance & locomotion Increase brain size

33. Environmental Changes (con�t) Interestingly, the estimated time frame for the environmental changes coincides with the rise and disappearance of A. africanus, A. aethiopicus, A. garhi, and, A. boisei Note that the span of A. africanus is overlapped by A. aethiopicus, A. garhi, Homo rudolfensis, A. boisei, and Homo habilis, according to some interpretations These four species arose and reached their peak of existence during the roughly 600,000 year span in which the major climate shifts occurred Did these groups migrate and/interact with each other? Where they capable of interbreeding? Points 2 & 3 restate point 1.Points 2 & 3 restate point 1.

34. Migration �Go With The Flow� Interesting that the main thrust of migration is to the north. Even more so is the fact that they kept going north, into colder climates.Interesting that the main thrust of migration is to the north. Even more so is the fact that they kept going north, into colder climates.

35. Evidence of migration begins with A. africanus. Note that significant divergence begins around this same time period. The dead end australopithecine lineage has diverged, leaving the great ape lineage (not shown) and the newly arising hominid lineage to continue.Evidence of migration begins with A. africanus. Note that significant divergence begins around this same time period. The dead end australopithecine lineage has diverged, leaving the great ape lineage (not shown) and the newly arising hominid lineage to continue.

36. Historical Migration Events First 3-4 million years, hominids were restricted to East-Central Africa----the �Cradle of Humanity� Australopithecus africanus began migrating along the lush forested, interconnected mountain range to the south, and to a lesser extent, to the north Homo rudolfensis (maybe) and H. habilis confined to the central African region At around 2.0-1.0 mya, Homo ergaster lineage migrates outside the valley into a larger area of Africa and into eastern Asia Oldest Homo erectus found in Asia is approx. 1.9 myo, which pushes further back in time the emergence of H. ergaster Homo ergaster would have had to migrate out of the central region much earlier in order to have migrated out of Africa in order to be in Asia 1.9 mya Geographic distance/isolation may have significantly reduced gene flow within any given population, making subspeciation likely to occur Questions arise. Did Homo ergaster migrate out of Africa and speciate into H. erectus along the way? Did H. erectus evolve while in Africa and migrate out? Questions arise. Did Homo ergaster migrate out of Africa and speciate into H. erectus along the way? Did H. erectus evolve while in Africa and migrate out?

37. Historical Migration Events (con�t) Another Monkey Wrench D2700-The Dmanisi Skull

38. D-2700 Dmanisi Skull 1.75 myo Discovered at Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia 1999 Between Black & Caspian Seas Smaller brain than would be expected for a migrant species such as H. erectus Resembled Homo habilis (approx. 2.0 mya) Tools found in same layer of sediment Recently assigned to Homo erectus Researcher quoted as saying, �They ought to put it back in the ground� The significance: As assigned, a Homo erectus individual outside of Africa at around the same time the species was to have arisen. Also, this specimen would have had a smaller brain than the classic H. erectus. Was H. erectus the first to leave Africa, or, was it H. ergaster, or possibly H. habilis?The significance: As assigned, a Homo erectus individual outside of Africa at around the same time the species was to have arisen. Also, this specimen would have had a smaller brain than the classic H. erectus. Was H. erectus the first to leave Africa, or, was it H. ergaster, or possibly H. habilis?

39. D-2700 Dmanisi Skull (con�t) Asian Homo erectus was heavier & more robust than in Africa Is the Dmanisi find H. habilis? An intermediate between H. habilis and H. erectus? Did H. erectus migrate into Asia and then BACK into Africa? Should we call everything after H. habilis, Homo sapiens? These are some questions that have been asked by some researchers. One thing seems clear, the parsimonious explanation is that erectus did not migrate back into Africa and �devolve� a smaller body size and brain. This would have been selected against rather quickly, probably in less time than it would take to migrate back such a great distance.These are some questions that have been asked by some researchers. One thing seems clear, the parsimonious explanation is that erectus did not migrate back into Africa and �devolve� a smaller body size and brain. This would have been selected against rather quickly, probably in less time than it would take to migrate back such a great distance.

40. Another Phamily Phylogeny Notice the phylogeny of H. ergaster. It seems to imply that H. erectus (Asian lineage) speciated very early on, thus coexisting with H. ergaster. Perhaps interacting/interbreeding s well. Therefore, which group left Africa? Did ergaster begin the migration and evolve into erectus along the way, or, did erectus evolve in Africa and migrate, leaving ergaster behind? Under this view, should the Dmanisi finds be reported as H. erectus, or rather H. ergaster? Homo heidelbergensis (European) arises near the end of the ergaster lineage in this diagram.Notice the phylogeny of H. ergaster. It seems to imply that H. erectus (Asian lineage) speciated very early on, thus coexisting with H. ergaster. Perhaps interacting/interbreeding s well. Therefore, which group left Africa? Did ergaster begin the migration and evolve into erectus along the way, or, did erectus evolve in Africa and migrate, leaving ergaster behind? Under this view, should the Dmanisi finds be reported as H. erectus, or rather H. ergaster? Homo heidelbergensis (European) arises near the end of the ergaster lineage in this diagram.

41. Historical Migration Events (con�t) Around 800,000 years ago, Homo heidelbergensis arose and migrated throughout northern Africa and to the northwest into Europe, thus becoming the first Europeans Some contend that H. heidlebergensis descended from Homo antecessor, while others believe that H. antecessor is an earlier form of Homo heidelbergensis H. heidelbergensis used the same Acheulean tools as H. erectus, although, probably more efficiently

42. Australopithecines = black/gray Homo habilis = dark blue Homo erectus (ergaster) = light blue Homo heidelbergensis = beige/tan Homo neanderthalensis = orange Homo sapiens = redAustralopithecines = black/gray Homo habilis = dark blue Homo erectus (ergaster) = light blue Homo heidelbergensis = beige/tan Homo neanderthalensis = orange Homo sapiens = red

43. Historical Migration Events (The Mini-Series) Homo neanderthalensis emerged across Europe and the Middle East around 200,000 years ago Did neanderthals evolve from Homo heidelbergensis? Homo erectus, H. heidelbergensis, and, H. neanderthalensis overlap in time Could H. neanderthalensis be the hybridized offspring of H. erectus and H. heidelbergensis? Did the arrival of H. sapiens drive the neanderthals to extinction? Did neanderthals become homogenized within H. sapiens by way of parapatric speciation, (i.e., hybridize)? Question: Did the neanderthals arise in Europe from H. heidelbergensis and migrate eastward, or did they evolve from H. erectus in Asia and migrate westward? Keep in mind that H. erectus has been identified in Africa as separate from H. ergaster, which appears to have vanished around 1.0 million years before the neanderthals. Question: Did the neanderthals arise in Europe from H. heidelbergensis and migrate eastward, or did they evolve from H. erectus in Asia and migrate westward? Keep in mind that H. erectus has been identified in Africa as separate from H. ergaster, which appears to have vanished around 1.0 million years before the neanderthals.

44. Historical Migration Events(The Saga Continues Into The Future) Homo sapiens enter the stage around 130,000 years ago Some suggest that H. sapiens arose in East-Central Africa initially, then migrated out in all directions It has been estimated that to reach the Bering Strait from Africa by 14,000 years ago, these early human hikers only had to migrate one (1) mile every eight years (Talk about the �slow road to China�!) If H. sapiens did arise on the African continent, from which hominid species did it arise? Could modern humans be the hybrid offspring of Cro-Magnon and Neanderthal? Again, we have overlap of H. erectus, H. heidelbergensis, and, H. neanderthalensis in time. Again, we have overlap of H. erectus, H. heidelbergensis, and, H. neanderthalensis in time.

45. AnotherPhamilyPhylogeny

46. Origins ca. 130,000 years ago According to the numbers, it took approximately 116,000 years to for Homo sapiens to migrate from Central Africa to the Bering Straight. At this juncture, these early emigrants are ready to take on a brave �New World�.According to the numbers, it took approximately 116,000 years to for Homo sapiens to migrate from Central Africa to the Bering Straight. At this juncture, these early emigrants are ready to take on a brave �New World�.

47. Hominid Distribution Australopithecines = black/gray Homo habilis = dark/royal blue Homo erectus (ergaster) = light blue Homo heidelbergensis = beige/tan Homo neanderthalensis = orange Homo sapiens = redHominid Distribution Australopithecines = black/gray Homo habilis = dark/royal blue Homo erectus (ergaster) = light blue Homo heidelbergensis = beige/tan Homo neanderthalensis = orange Homo sapiens = red

48. �The Family Tree� Cast In Order of Appearance Orrorin tugenensis 6.0 mya Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 mya Australopithecus anamensis 4.1 mya Australopithecus afarensis 4.0-2.7 mya Kenyanthropis platyops 3.5-3.2 mya Australopithecus africanus 3.0-2.0 mya Australopithecus aethiopicus 2.7-2.3 mya Australopithecus garhi 2.5 mya Homo rudolfensis 2.4-1.8 mya Australopithecus boisei 2.3-1.4 mya Homo habilis 2.3-1.6 mya Australopithecus robustus 1.9-1.6 mya Homo erectus 1.9-0.3 mya Homo hedelbergensis 0.6-0.1 mya Homo neandertalensis 0.2-0.03 mya Homo sapiens 0.13 mya-present

49. THE END A Michael J. Hill Production In Cooperation with Austin Peay StateUuniversity & Volunteer State Community College Executive Producer Michael J. Hill Written & Directed By Michael J. Hill Visual Effects Michael J. Hill Sound Effects Michael J. Hill Lighting Director Michael J. Hill The producers wish to thank all the little people who helped make this production possible Yada Yada Yada