Ancient Rome BCE-CE De nobis fabula narratur

1. Ancient Rome BCE-CEDe nobis fabula narratur “The Romans knew how to govern people, establish legal structures and construct roads that took them to the ends of their known world”

2. Geography- Locus-Locus-Locus • Middle of the Mediterranean • Larger and more arable land than Greece- mts north and south • River valleys- Po in the North, Tiber in middle of boot • Rome - inland accessible by boat- defensible,on “Seven Hills”

3. Romulus and Remus raised by she-wolf 733bce traced boundaries with plow Later: Virgil’s Aeneus, hero of Troy, roams the Med looking for a home Etruscans unsure of origin used iron, bronze and silver Rome and Latins under rule of king beginning fear of kings, rebelled invaded by Gaul 390 BCE Origins of Rome Legend Reality

4. Steps to Unification • Etruscans and Gauls squeezed out by Latins • 290- conquered central Italy then Samnites in South • 265 took over Greek city states • Keys - staying power of army, won over conquered people, become Roman citizens, interact with the new gov’t

5. Roman Republic vs. United States Consul (US President) Ruler of Rome Senate (US Senate) Representative body for patricians Tribal Assembly (House of Reps) Representative body for plebeians

6. The Law of the Twelve Tables (450 BCE) • Roman Law was codified after plebeians demanded representation in certain parts of the government • Result- increase of privileges as well as political & social rights for Plebeians • Became basis for most of our laws (Constitution, Bill of Rights)

7. The Punic Wars 264-146 BCE • Major rival in Med- Phoenician Carthage • Over a series of decades, Carthage is eventually overthrown • Carthago delenda est” Carthage plowed and sowed with salt • Result: Rome now the POWER in the Mediterranean BUT comes at a high price • Huge debt; • Senate took plebeian’s rights away; • Roman Traits of courage, hard work, honesty & simplicity disappeared; • Unemployment, dislocation, poverty, corruption, & crime forced reforms.

8. Struggles Continue in the Republic • Corruption, struggle between patrician and plebeians • Gracchi Brothers (Tiberias and Gaius) meet untimely ends in 121 BCE • Finally, Roman General Sulla seized Rome in 82 BCE and restored power to Senate and the plebeians • set precedent

9. Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus Were brothers/senators who tried to resolve problems faced by Rome after Punic Wars. Popular with people but Senate hated them!! BOTH WERE KILLED BY SENATE- started beginning of Rome’s decline b/c forced single leader to dominate Rome!!!

10. Julius Caesar • Greatest of early Roman leaders; • First Triumvirate Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus • Defeated Pompey/supporters in Egypt after Senate tried to push him out - crosses the Rubicon and seizes power • Met Cleopatra and fell in love; • Used Gracchus’ ideas to reform Rome: calendar, freed slaves, reduced debts; • Murdered by Cassius, Brutus in 44 BCE

11. 61Mark Anthony Mark Antony

12. 57Octavian Augustus Octavian “Augustus”

13. How Did Rome Respond?? • • CIVIL WAR- Antony vs. Octavian; • • Antony left his wife (Octavian’s sister) b/c of his infatuation with Cleopatra • Battle of Actium 31 BCE – Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide • Octavian’s rule began the Pax Romana. • • Augustus carried out reforms of Julius Caesar.

14. The Roman Empire • Caesar Augustus- wants “to restore the republic” but the rush of power convinces him otherwise • 27 BCE becomes “First Citizen” Princeps • tried to impact life- morality, building • sculpture- deified him, literature as well • Consolidated/limited power of Senate

15. The Roman World • The dream of returning Rome to a republic dissolves into emperor/ dictatorship • Extended Roman citizenship as they spread • Augustus also changes the Roman family- ‘Pater Familias’ dissolves into balanced rights • ‘family strong unit- run like the state • women become more independent- socially and ownership • politically active as wives of emperors- Livia

16. The Roman World (cont) • Augustus ushers in a Golden Age of literature (Horace, Virgil, Ovid and Livy) • Religion- state religion, Roman gods reflected Greek • emperor became “divine” connection to gods • tolerant of other religions Mithras, Persian god of light • Christianity-”And there went out a decree from Caesar Augustus” • persecutions not as many as thought- made stronger • sometimes combined with others- e.g. Celtic gods

17. Slavery in the Roman World • Important to building projects and way of life • Conquests supplied slaves so came from all over • Not related to ethnicity or skin color • Greek slaves educated and highly prized • Rebellions like Sparticus 73BCE occurred- put down, crucified slaves and held a 10 day party for Rome • Slaves gradually won freedom and numbers decreased

18. The Roman Builders- All over the Empire • Amazing accomplishments- Roads that still last • Aqueducts- bringing water to every important city • Temples for the gods- copied Greek style- massive • Forum- public area of the city- center- oration etc. • Theaters- for entertainment- drama • Coliseums- more fun, fights, gladiators, animals • Baths- public places- series of rooms dif temps • military training, organization & technical development. • stories written to glorify Rome, but now tell us much about their culture.

19. The Roman legacy- writing and the law • alphabet- should look familiar to us (Latin) • Romans wrote down everything- very literate, passed on to use use every day, alma mater, alter ego, per capita, vice versa, a.m/, p.m., RIP ,list goes on ad infinitum • some consider the statutes and case law most important legacy- took idea that a written law can protect one person from another- put it into practice- Because it’s the laws means something to us- not necessarily in other cultures. • tried to appeal to people through argument- idea of people deciding • magistrates important in Rome- e.g. of Apostle Paul

20. Map, Rome’s road system Rome’s early road system

21. 151Great Bath in England Roman Bath in England

22. 54toilets Roman public toilets shared by men & women

23. 100Roman Forum Roman Forum

24. Roman Forum Temples & government buildings

25. 19Roman Forum speaking platform Platform for public speaking at the Roman Forum

26. Roman Coliseum: For Gladiatorial events

27. 107Coloseum

28. 109Col Inside the Roman Colosseum & beneath the floor

29. 115Circus Maximus Circus Maximus for chariot racing

30. 131amphitheater Roman amphitheater

31. 133Wathletes Roman female athletes

32. 168Pantheon Pantheon: Temple dedicated to all the gods

33. 169Pantheon Interior of the Pantheon

34. Roman Aqueduct- brought water to Roman cities.

35. 138Aqueduct

36. 142Aque

37. 147hadrian’sWall Hadrian’s wall in N. England, 127 AD

38. Appian Way: A famous Roman road; an engineering accomplishment

39. 81Ballista Ballista A machine for hurling stones & bolts of hot iron

40. Cicero Orator/statesman who promoted ideas & ideals of Roman society (Roman traits).

41. The Roman Emperors- the Good, Bad and Ugly • Good- Marcus Aurelius-phil “citizen of the world” • Calm and unified- Trajan, Hadrian, walls and rebels • Bad- Caligula- named horse “consul”, Commodus, fought gladiators with blunted weapons, Nero, mass murder- inc his mother, pregnant wife, brother • Many later emperors were generals- most powerful could become emperor

42. Constantine During the “Decline and Fall” of Rome this emperor established a “new Rome” at Byzantium that was renamed Constantinople. Constantine also legalized Christianity throughout the Roman empire.

43. Some possible Causes for the Decline & Fall of Rome Legalization of Christianity Moral decline Government corruption (Caligula) Exhaustion of the soil Plague & disease Barbarian invasions (Goths, Huns, Vandals)

44. Barbarians at the Gates • Pressure from Germanic tribes looking for safety • Huns pressured the Visogoths-410- ran into the empire • Vandals- 455- sacked Rome • Series of invasions- physical damage, but also intellectual • established German kingdoms in West- illiterate • The East survives- becomes Byzantium- keeps the learning from the ancient world

45. Barbarian Invasions

46. Barbarian Invasions

47. 261Barbarian Map