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Introducing the !Kung San Dobe Ju/’hoansi

Introducing the !Kung San Dobe Ju/’hoansi. People of Dobe Language Environmental Adaptations Settlement. Ethnography by Richard Lee. 1963 as part of his dissertation research Learn about foragers as most “basic” of humans. Common “core” of features.

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Introducing the !Kung San Dobe Ju/’hoansi

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  1. Introducing the !Kung SanDobe Ju/’hoansi People of Dobe Language Environmental Adaptations Settlement

  2. Ethnography by Richard Lee • 1963 as part of his dissertation research • Learn about foragers as most “basic” of humans. • Common “core” of features. • Learn customs and culture in evolutionary context. • Also address questions of ethnoarchaeology.

  3. Dobe Area

  4. People of Dobe • Hottentots (Khoi) • Herders of goats and cattle • San “Bushmen” • Term bushmen racist and sexist • Dutch-16th century • European settlemen • Genocidal warfare against San • Remaining pushed to marginal zones of the Kalahari desert. • ~ 112,000 San today

  5. “Yellow” San Indigenous of South Africa Click Language Hunter-gatherers, farmers, herders and wage labor. Short, lighter skin, deep chested, delicate facial features. “Black” San Genetically similar to Bantu Mixed herding, farming, wage labor and some foraging. Taller, darker skin, stronger facial features. People of Dobe

  6. Studies of San • Lawrence and Lorna Marshall • Nyae Nyae 1951 • Silberbauer, Tanaka, Cashdan, Kent • /Gwi • Bleek, Guenther, Barnard • Nharo • Lee, Devore (Kalahari Research Group) • Ju/’hoansi

  7. Prehistory of San • People living in that area of South Africa as early as 50 thousand years ago (and probably earlier). • Debate: San are actually pastoralists who fled Bantu overlords and became foragers. • Archaeological evidence suggests continuity between present day San and prehistoric people. • No historic documentation of this.

  8. San Language • Unusual sounds called clicks. • / = dental click (as in “tsk, tsk”) • ≠ = alveolar click (tongue on sides of teeth) • ! = alveopalatal click (tongue on roof of mouth) • // = lateral click (as in urging on a horse) • http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0102/online_extra.html

  9. Kinship • Definition-a culturally defined relationship established on the basis of blood ties or marriage. • Consanguineal Kin-those people related by blood (blood relations). • related to concept of parentage. • blood is not such a great term but it gets the idea across. • Affinal-related by marriage.

  10. Kinship Diagram for !Kung

  11. Environmental Adaptations • Dobe area • 3000 square miles • Kalahari Desert • 1000-2000 meters above sea level • Aha Hills • 2100 meters above sea level

  12. Habitats • Ju define 4 habitats: • Dunes • Fixed by Mongongo tree vegetation. • Flats • Plains between dunes and melapo • Melapo • Dry river beds, smaller, acacia trees. • Hardpan • Bare rock/sand, baobab tree.

  13. Habitat Zones

  14. Water • Permanent waterholes (Dobe) • Seasonal (6 months a year-October to March) • Interior of Mongongo tree • Water bearing roots

  15. Climate • Hottest-October to February (86-104 F) • Coolest-June and July (75-80 F) • San Recognize Five seasons • !Huma (Spring Rains) Oct-Nov • Bara (Summer Rains) Dec-March • Tobe (Autumn) April-May • !Gum (Winter) May-August • !Gaa (Spring Dry) Aug-October

  16. Rainfall • Highly Variable • 1963-64 9.4” • 1967-1968 23.5” • 1968-1969 14.7” • Droughts • 2 years out of every five • Severe-One year out of every four

  17. Fauna • 50 Mammal Species • Kudu, Wildebeest, Gemsbok, Eland, Roan Antelope, Giraffe and Hartebeest most important. • 90 Bird Species • Ostrich (eggs), guinea fowl, sandgrouse, quail, dove, ducks most important • 25 Reptile/Amphibian Species • Insects • Chysomelid Beetle-poison for arrows • Honey

  18. Hunting • Meat contributes 30 percent of the calories. • Social-distribution and feasting when a large animal is killed. • Tools • Bow and arrow, spear, knife, springhare hook, and rope snares. • Techniques • Mobile-poisoned arrows, with dogs, underground after burrowing animals, snaring.

  19. Hunting Tools

  20. Flora • Mongogo (nuts) • Baobab • Marula (nuts) • Edible gum (sap) • Roots and Bulbs • Melons (Saba “Bitter”) • Bean

  21. Melons

  22. Gathering Tools

  23. Settlement-Villages • Dry Season Villages • May-Oct, 8-15 huts, 20-50 people • Near Permanent Water • Well constructed huts • Circular design • Rainy Season Villages • Oct-March, 3-20 huts, 3 weeks to 3 months • Hastily constructed huts, thickly thatched. • Up to 6 sites in one rainy season • Circular design

  24. Village Layout • Good, shade trees • 0-Plaza • 1-Huts & Fires • 2-Ash dumps • 3-Cooking & Butchering • 4-Empty • 5-Defecation Zone

  25. Settlement-Camps • Spring and Fall Camps • No huts, 2-3 weeks • Overnight Stops • Fire built • Cattle Post Camps • Solid huts near cattle/goat herder villages • 1-20 huts • Crescent shaped pattern

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