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Environmental Peace Parks: Prospects for South Asia

Environmental Peace Parks: Prospects for South Asia. Dr. Saleem H. Ali University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources & Brown University, Watson Institute for International Studies Email: Saleem@alum.mit.edu. Environmental Peace-making.

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Environmental Peace Parks: Prospects for South Asia

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  1. Environmental Peace Parks:Prospects for South Asia Dr. Saleem H. Ali University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources & Brown University, Watson Institute for International Studies Email: Saleem@alum.mit.edu IES Conference Hague-5-2004

  2. Environmental Peace-making • Game Theory: Using dilemmas of common aversion rather than dilemmas of common interest as the frame of reference (Ali, Saleem H. “Environmental Planning and Cooperative Behavior.” Journal of Planning Education and Research, Vol. 23, No. 2, December 2003) • Moving from focus on quantity to quality, from distributive to integrative bargaining • Example: beyond the water wars hypothesis • Some questions to consider: • Are environmental issues a major cause of the conflict? • If not, what level of trust is a necessary prerequisite to the use of environmental issues in conflict resolution? • Would environmental cooperation lead to larger cooperative outcomes -- moving from low politics to high politics? IES Conference Hague-5-2004

  3. Kinds of Green Peace-building • Sister Cities Program -- post-World War II phenomenon crystallized by Eisenhower in 1956 • Debt-for-Nature Swaps: North-South tensions • Peace Parks: 166 transboundary conservation zones comprising 666 individual conservation parks (Sandwith et al, 2001) • However, most are between friendly countries • Criticism (Halle’s analysis of Limpopo case) IES Conference Hague-5-2004

  4. Some notable peace parks • WATERTON / GLACIER International Peace Parks (Canada / USA)- 1932 • LA AMISTAD International Peace Park (Costa Rica / Panama), 1979 - led to establishment of a biological corridor • LOS KATFOS / DARIEN National Parks (Colombia / Panama) • CORDILLERA DEL CONDOR (Ecuador /Peru ), 1998: part of peace treaty • MALOTI / DRAKENSBURG Transfrontier Conservation Area (Lesotho / South Africa)- 2001 • MONT PERDU World Heritage Site (France / Spain ) 1997 IES Conference Hague-5-2004

  5. Some future possibilities in Asia • The Altai Mountain (Russia, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan) • The Northern Annamite Range (Lao PDR/ Vietnam) • The Qomolangma /Sagarmatha Region (China / Nepal) • The Karakoram Range (Pakistan / India) • Kanchanjunga Conservation Area (China / India / Nepal) • The Khunjerab / Taxcorgan Parks (Pakistan / China) • Pamir Wakhan (Pakistan/ Tajikistan /Kyrghystan / Afghanistan) IES Conference Hague-5-2004

  6. Indigenous Interest • Conservation and research: • Sanctuary Asia, Snow Leopard Trusts • Peshawar Univ-NGS and NSF collaboration • Eco-tourism and mountaineering -- IIPT - Pakistan and India chapters • Himalayan mountain clubs • Adventure expeditions • Memorializing the region -- an exit strategy? IES Conference Hague-5-2004

  7. International Interest • German government’s interest and research development • Italian government’s interest vis-a-vis K2 (though strategically separate from Siachen) • IUCN - Transfrontier Protected Areas Effort • Southern African focus:Peace Parks Foundation • Asian mountain initiative IES Conference Hague-5-2004

  8. Glacial impact on regional water resources • Hindu Kush Himalaya Glaciers • Fast glacier recession and wasting through most of the region • 500 million people partly depend on glacial meltwater • Coastal region change? • Glacier/ice sheets are melting: effects on sea level. • Changes in land cover and land use? • Changing glacier cover changes water availability, hence land use in areas downstream IES Conference Hague-5-2004

  9. Overcoming S. Asian Challenges • Transforming the military’s role • Sovereignty and territoriality • The Chinese question • Visitor rights (Visa categories) -- Sharm-al Shaikh and HK-Macau examples • Management plans • www.k2peacepark.org IES Conference Hague-5-2004

  10. IES Conference Hague-5-2004

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