Metric based KNN indexing

1. Metric based KNN indexing Lecturer : Prof Ooi Beng Chin Presenters : Frankie Chan HT00-3550Y Tan Zhenqiang HT01-6163J

2. Outline • Introduction • Examples • SR-Tree • MVP-Tree • Future works • Conclusion • References

3. Introduction • Metric based queries – consider relative distance of object/point from a given query point • Most commonly used metric is the Euclidean metric

4. Metric based queries • Variations : • used with joins queries – find 3 closest restaurants for each of 2 different theaters • used with spatial queries – find KNN to east of a location

5. SR-Tree “The SR-tree: An Indexing Structure for High-Dimensional Nearest Neighbor Queries.” Norio Katayama Shin’ichi Satoh Multimedia Info. Research Div. Software Research Div. National Institute of Informatics National Institute of Informatics

6. SR-Tree : Introduction • SR-tree stands for “Sphere/Rectangle-Tree” • SR-Tree is an extension of the R*-tree and the SS-tree • A region of the SR-tree is specified by the intersection of a bounding sphere and a bounding rectangle

7. The R*-Tree Structure

8. The SS-Tree Structure

9. Definitions (SR-Tree) • The diameter of a bounded region means • diameter of a bounding sphere for the SS-Tree • diagonal of a bounding rectangle for the R*-Tree

10. Properties • Bounding rectangles divides points into smaller volume regions. But tends to have longer diameters than bounding spheres, especially in high-dimensional space. • Bounding spheres divides points into short-diameter regions. But tends to have larger volumes than bounding rectangles.

11. Properties • SR-Tree combined the use of bounding sphere and bounding rectangle, as the properties are complementary to each other.

12. The SR-Tree Structure

13. Bounded regions

14. Indexing Structure • The structure of the leaf L : • The structure of the node N :

15. Insertion Algorithm • SR-tree insertion algorithm is based on SS-tree’s centroid-based algorithm • Descend down the tree and choose a subtree with the centroid nearest to the new entry • SR-tree algorithm updates both bounding spheres (diff. from SS-tree) and bounding rectangles (same as R*-tree)

16. Insertion Algorithm • Bounding sphere computation : • Center, X (X1 ,X2 ,……..,XD) • Radius, r

17. Deletion Algorithm • SR-tree deletion algorithm is similar to that of the R-tree • If entry deletion do not cause leaf/node under-utilisation, then just remove it • Otherwise, remove under-utilised leaf/node and reinsert all orphaned entries

18. Nearest Neighbour Search • Algorithm – ordered depth-first search • It finds a number of points nearest to the query, to make a candidate set • Then it revises the candidate set, when it visits every leaf whose region overlaps the range of the candidate set • After it visited all leave, the final candidate is the search result

19. Definition (NN search) • Minimum Distance (MINDIST) euclidean distance from query point to the bounded region • Minimax Distance (MINMAXDIST) minimum value of all the maximum distances between the query point and points on each n axes respectively

20. Definition (NN search)

21. Search pruning • Region R1 with MINDIST greater than MINMAXDIST of another region R2 is discarded, because it cannot contain NN (downward pruning) • Actual distance from query point P to a given object O which is greater than MINMAXDIST of a region, is discarded (upward pruning) • Region with MINDIST greater than the actual distance from query point P to an object O, is discarded (upward pruning)

22. Recursive procedure (leaf node) If Node.type = LEAF then For I := 1 to Node.count dist := objectDist(Pt,Node.region) if (dist < Nearest.dist) then Nearest.dist := dist Nearest.region := Node.region

23. Recursive procedure (non-leaf node) Else /* non-leaf node => order, sort, prune & visit node */ genBranchList(Pt,Node,branchList) sortBranchList(branchList) /* perform downward pruning */ last = pruneBranch(Node,Pt,NearestBranchList) For I := 1 to last newNode := Node.branch nearestNeighborSearch(newNode,Pt,Nearest) /* perform upward pruning */ last := pruneBranchList(Node,Pt,Nearest, branchList)

24. Performance Analysis - Insertion Insertion cost of R*-tree, SS-tree and SR-tree (uniform dataset)

25. Performance Analysis - Query Performance of VAMSplit R-tree, SS-tree and SR-tree (Uniform dataset)

26. Performance Analysis - Query Performance of VAMSplit R-tree, SS-tree and SR-tree (Real dataset)

27. SR-tree average volume & diameter Average volume & diameter of the leaf-level regions of R*-tree, SS-tree and SR-tree (real dataset)

28. Strengths • SR-Tree divides points into regions with small volumes and short diameter. • Division of points into smaller regions improves disjointness. • Smaller volume and diameter enhances the nearest neighbour queries’ performance.

29. Weaknesses • SR-tree suffers from the fanout problem (branching factor – max node entries) • The node size grows as dimensionality increases • The reduction of the fanout may requires more nodes to be read on queries • Possibly affect query performance

30. MVP-Tree “Indexing Large Metric Spaces For Similarity Search Queries” Tolga Bozkaya Meral Ozsoyoglu Oracle corporation Dept. Comp Eng & Sci Case Western Reserve Univ.

31. Outline • Main idea. • Algorithm basis • How to build mvp-tree based on the given data. • How to do similarity search in mvp-tree. • Performance analysis and comparison based on experiments.

32. Main Idea • Triangle Inequality. Distance based Indexing • Adopt more vantage points and levels • Pre-computed distances are kept in leaf node. • Use pre-computed distances to prune query branches.

33. Algorithm Basis • vp1,vp2,vp3 are vantage points. • Q is given query point • p1 belongs to points set • The more vantage points the more unnecessary query branches are pruned. • The distance between two vantage points is normally the larger the better

34. How to construct mvp-tree(m,k,p) • 1) If | S | = 0 then create an empty tree and quit. • 2) If | S | £ k then Create leaf node L, put all data to L, Quit. • 3) Choose first vantage point Svp1, Keep distances in arrays. • 4) Divide S into m groups with same cardinalities based on the distances between Svp1 to points in S. And keeps distances as well. • 5) For the first v above group • 5.1) Choose last point in previous group as new vantage point. • 5.2) Divide the group into m sub-groups with same cardinalities based on the distances between Svp1 to points in S. And keeps distances as well. • 6) Recursively create mvp-tree on the mv sub-groups based on the steps from 1) to 5).

35. Example • Sv1:first vantage point(level 1) • Sv2:vantange points(level 2) • D[1..k]:the distances between data points in leaf node and vantage points • x.Path[p]:the distances between the data point and the first p vantage points along the path from the root to the leaf node that keeps it

36. How to do similarity search • Depth-first process. Q is the given query object. r is the distance. • 1) For i=1 to m • If d(Q, Svi) £ r then Svi is in the answer set. (Svi is the ith vantage points in current node.) • 2) If current node is leaf node • For all data points ( Si) in the node, If for all vantage points Sv, [d(Q, Sv) - r £ d(Si, Sv) £ d(Q, Sv) + r] holds, and • for all i=1..p ( PATH[i] - r £ Si.PATH[i] £ PATH[i] + r ) holds, • then compute d(Q, Si). If d(Q, Si) £ r, then Si is in the answer set. • 3) If the current node is an internal node for all i=1..m if d(Q, Svi) + r £ Mi then recursively search the first branch (Mi is the maximum of the distances between Svi to those points in its child node)

37. Comparison Experiment • Performance results for the queries with the data set where data points form several physical clusters

38. Performance Analysis • Experiments to compare mvp-trees with vp-trees but use only one vantage point at each level, and do not make use of the pre-computed distances show that mvp-tree outperforms the vp-tree by 20% to 80% for varying query ranges and different distance distributions. • For small query ranges, experiments with Euclidean vectors showed that mvp-trees require 40% to 80% less distance computation compared to vp-trees. • For higher query ranges, the percentagewise difference decrease gradually, yet mvp-trees still perform better, making up to 30% less distance computations for the largest query ranges used. • Experiments on gray-level images using the data set with 1151 images show mvp-trees performed up to 20-30% less distance computations.

39. Strengths • Based on the thoughts of triangle inequality, more vantage points more unnecessary query branches pruned, the longer distances among vantage points the better and reusing pre-computed distances as much as possible. • Mvp-tree is flatter than vp-tree. • It is also balanced because of the way it is constructed. • Experiments show that it is more efficient than vp- tree and M-tree.

40. Weaknesses 1.Construction cost O(nlogmn) distances computations 2.Additional storage cost are very high. There must be an array of size of p in every data point in leaf node. 3.Updating and inserting data points maybe lead to reconstruction of the mvp-tree. 4.If the insertions cause the tree structure to be skewed (that is, the additions of new data points change the distance distribution of the whole data set), global restructuring may have to be done, possibly during off hours of operation. 5.As the mvp-tree is created from an initial set of data objects in a top-down fashion, it is a rather static index structure.

41. Conclusion • metric based indexing can be effective for high dimensional and non-uniform datasets (eg. Image/video similarity indexing) • future work : • algorithm to perform in both dynamic & static database environment • analyse the use of metric with other attributes to enable range queries

42. References • N. Katayama and S. Satoh. The SR-tree: An Indexing Structure for High-Dimensional Nearest Neighbor Queries. Proc. ACM SIGMOD Int. Conf. on Management of Data, pages 369--380, Tucson, Arizona, 1997. • R. Kurniawati, J. S. Jin, and J. A. Shepherd. The SS + -tree: An Improved Index Structure for Similarity Searches in a High-Dimensional Feature Space. SPIE: Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases V , pages 110--120, 1997. • N. Beckmann, H.P. Kriegel, R. Schneider, and B. Seeger. The R*tree : An Efcient and Robust Access Method for Points and Rectangles. In Proc. ACM SIGMOD Intl. Symp. on the Management of Data, pages 322--331, 1990. • N. Roussopoulosi, S. Kelley, and F. Vincent. Nearest Neighbor Queries. Proc. ACM SIGMOD, San Jose, USA, pages 71-79, May 1995. • Tolga Bozkaya and Meral Ozsoyoglu. Indexing Large Metric Spaces For Similarity Search Queries. Association for Computing Machinery transactions on Database System, pages 1-34, 1999. • Roberto Figueira Santos Filho, Agma Traina, Caetano Traina Jr and Christos Faloutsos. Similarity Search Without Tears: The OMNI-Family Of All-Purpose Access Methods. ICDE 2001.