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Texas Politics Today, 11th Edition

. Cultural Regions of Texas. Economic regional diversityRacial and ethnic regional diversitySocial and religious diversity. East Texas

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Texas Politics Today, 11th Edition

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    1. Texas Politics Today, 11th Edition Chapter 1 Texas Culture, People, and History

    2. Cultural Regions of Texas Economic regional diversity Racial and ethnic regional diversity Social and religious diversity

    3. East Texas & The Gulf Coast East Texas: Mostly rural and biracial. Dominated by fundamental Protestantism. The Gulf Coast: Industrial and petrochemical center. 1901: Spindletop drilling marks the industrialization of Texas. Region became substantially larger.

    4. South Texas Peoples: Settled by the Europeans. Creoles, descendents from Spanish immigrants social elite. Mixed-blood mestizos worked as ranch hands. Land: The Valley of the Rio Grande and the Winter Garden major producers of vegetable and citrus products still important agricultural assets. Economic growth: Gains economically from the maquiladoras U.S companies bring revenue to the border regions by employing cheaper Mexican labor for assembly and piece labor. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) removes trade barriers between Canada, Mexico and the U.S., and is an economic benefit for South Texas.

    5. Southwest & German Hill Country Southwest Texas: A Binational, or two nation, subculture Dominated by the Roman Catholic Religion Dependent on livestock production. Internationality (people born in different countries) is common. German Hill Country: Settled by Eastern European immigrants. Very conservative Most residents Republicans Migration increasing

    6. West Texas Texas’ major oil producing area. Emphasizes sheep and cattle production. Agricultural production due to massive irrigation from the Ogallala Aquifer.

    7. The Panhandle Basically Midwestern in character and institutions. Extensive irrigation of cotton and grains from the Ogallala Aquifer.

    8. North Texas Partially peopled by descendents from failed French socialist colony, La Reunion. Cultural distinctiveness. Dominated by the Metroplex, the Dallas-Fort Worth greater metropolitan area.

    9. Historical Development of Texas Government in the 19th Century The Texas Republic Session Post-Civil War Texas Progressives and Reforms

    10. Texas History: The Republic 1846-1864 Sam Houston: Advocated peaceful relations with Native Americans; wanted U.S. statehood for Texas. 1836: Annexation to the U.S. approved by voters. December 29th, 1845: Texas became the twenty-eighth state.

    11. Early Statehood & Secession Early statehood and secession: 1846-1864 Sam Houston: Elected Governor in 1859, against secession. 1860: Texas seceded from the U.S.

    12. Post-Civil War Texas 1865-1885 June 19, 1865: Federal troops sent into Texas to control chaos. Texas passed Black Codes (laws that restrict rights of freed slaves) creating political barriers for former confederate soldiers and officials. 1869: Texas constitution adopted, E.J. Davis elected as Governor.

    13. Texas Readmitted to the Union E.J. Davis: Charged with corruption and only serves one four year term. 1873: Richard Coke, Democrat, elected governor. 1875: Constitutional Convention of 90 members rewrite Texas constitution, with emphasis on decentralized state government and limited power for officials. 1876: Texas constitution ratified.

    14. Progress and Reform: 1886-1913 Farmer Jim: 1914-1918 Stephen Hogg: Elected Attorney General in 1886 Ensured enforcement of laws against abuse by corporations. Elected governor in 1890, established three member railroad commission. James E. Ferguson: Called “Farmer Jim” to emphasize rural background. Anti-Prohibitionist, elected governor in 1914. Reelected in 1916. Programs included alleviating problems of tenant farmers and creation of a state highway commission. Impeached and convicted in 1917 under charges of illegal use of public funds.

    15. World War I and The Twenties 1917: W.P. Hobby governor. Hobby’s proposals, including Women’s Suffrage, defeated by legislature and voters. 1921: Pat Neff elected governor. Ku Klux Klan: Organized in 1860s to scare freed black slaves, reborn in 1920s. Saw itself as patriotic and Christian. Had as many as 80,000 Texas members.

    16. The Return of Farmer Jim: 1919-1928 Miriam A. “Ma” Ferguson: Wife of impeached Farmer Jim, anti-Klan. Elected in 1924, Texas’ first female governor. Passed legislation that prohibited wearing a mask in public, which lead to weakening of the Klan.

    17. The Great Depression: 1929-1939 1929: Stock market crashed, entire nation crushed. 1932: “Ma” Ferguson reelected governor. 1935: Prohibition (making alcoholic beverages illegal) ends.

    18. “Pass the biscuits, Pappy” 1938-1945 W. Lee “Pappy” O’Daniel: Flour salesman, no political experience. Elected governor in 1938. Reelected in 1940, ran for Senate and won. Reelected for full term in Senate 1942.

    19. Post World War II: 1946-1949 1946: Beauford Jester easily elected governor. 1948 Senatorial Campaign: Democrat Coke Stevenson ran against Republican Lyndon B. Johnson. Both charged with election fraud. Johnson won.

    20. The 1950s 1949: Lt. Governor Allen Shivers becomes governor after Beauford Jester dies. Shivercrats: Followers of Governor Allen Shivers who split their vote for Democrats at state level and Republicans at national level. Tidelands: The Conflict that arose between U.S. government and coastal state governments after discovery of oil off the Gulf of Mexico. Texas claimed ten miles, U.S. government said Texas only had rights to three miles.

    21. The 1960s 1960: Lyndon B. Johnson nominated for Vice President. Republican John Tower fills his position in the senate. 1962: John B. Connally elected as Texas Governor. Also reelected for two more terms. 1963: Following assassination of John Kennedy, Johnson becomes president and is reelected in 1964. 1969: Lt. Governor Preston Smith elected governor in Texas.

    22. The 1970s Sharpstown Scandal: Insurance and banking scandal involving Governor Smith, Lt. Governor Ben Barnes, House Speaker Gus Mutscher, and others. House Speaker Mutscher was convicted. 1972: Dolph Brisco, a wealthy banker, is elected governor and reelected in 1974. 1979: William P. Clements becomes Texas’ first Republican governor since E.J. Davis.

    23. The 1980s 1982: Democrat Attorney General Mark White is elected Texas governor. White supports teacher salary increases and Education in general. 1984: House Bill 72 becomes first educational reform since 1949. Includes increased teachers’ salaries, equalization of school district income, and improved student and teacher standards. 1986: Voter unhappiness with education reform. Reelection of Republican William Clements to governor’s office. 1989: Texas Supreme Court upholds an Austin court’s ruling in Edgewood v. Kirby. State’s educational funding system violated the Texas constitutional requirements. Several “reform” laws declared unconstitutional.

    24. The Early 1990s 1990: Texas State Board of Education. First elementary and high school biology texts adopted since 1960s explaining Darwin’s theory of evolution. Dan Morales (Attorney General) Hispanic elected in Texas, Kay Bailey Hutchison (Treasurer) and Rick Perry (Agriculture Commissioner) first Republicans to be elected to down-ticket offices since Reconstruction. 1992: Kay Bailey Hutchison elected as Texas’ first female U.S. senator. 1993: Texas Legislature enacts complex law leaving property tax as basic vehicle for school funding. 1994: Texas State Board of Education. Removes high school health books containing male and female reproductive systems explaining puberty.

    25. The 1990s Continued Ann Richards elected as Texas’ second female governor. 1995: The Seventy-forth legislature: qualified citizens carry handguns in non-restricted areas. Limited legal liability for defendants in civil suits. Number of Texas prisons increased to sixty eight with fourteen substance-abuse units. Texas has second highest incarceration rate. 1996: Republicans win a majority in Texas Senate. First comprehensive water management plan is enacted. 1998: Republicans win the majority in the Texas Senate.

    26. Reforms to Prepare for the Twenty First Century House Bill 72 Edgewood v Kirby School teacher pay raises Concealed handgun law passed A health care program started to cover the 30% of Texas children not covered by health insurance.

    27. Cultural Areas of Modern Texas

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