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LATIN AMERICA

LATIN AMERICA. Latin America: Urbanization and Economic Development . HIGHLY URBANIZED compared to other developing regions Urbanization occurred during period of RAPID POPULATION GROWTH Urbanization fueled by RURAL-TO-URBAN MIGRATION. Brazil Population . MEGACITIES.

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LATIN AMERICA

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  1. LATIN AMERICA

  2. Latin America: Urbanization and Economic Development

  3. HIGHLY URBANIZED compared to other developing regions • Urbanization occurred during period of RAPID POPULATION GROWTH • Urbanization fueled by RURAL-TO-URBAN MIGRATION

  4. Brazil Population

  5. MEGACITIES Urban areas with more than 10 million people

  6. Sao Paulo • 1950 pop: 2.3 million • 2000 pop. 17.4 million

  7. Rio de Janeiro • 1950 pop: 2.9 million • 2000 pop: 10.8 million

  8. Problems of mega-cities • Inadequate transportation infrastructure • Pressures on land and housing (high population density, high # of people per room) • Environment – air pollution, water pollution, increased vulnerability to natural hazards • High rates of disease and infection • Economic dependence on higher levels of government • Scarcity of financial resources

  9. Urban primacy A PRIMATE CITY is disproportionately large and dominates the economic, political, and cultural life of a country Examples: Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Lima, Guatemala City

  10. Latin American cities are not able to provide enough “formal” housing or jobs • The INFORMAL SECTOR is important for economic survival and shelter

  11. Informal Economic Sector Unregulated and untaxed, usually low wage occupations (examples: street vendors, artisans, illegal occupations – drugs, prostitution)

  12. Informal Housing • Often called SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS • People occupy housing on unclaimed land to which they have no legal rights • Most squatter settlements have inadequate services • Most squatter settlement residents are poor

  13. Latin American City Model • Strong central business district • Elite residential sector surrounding commercial spine extends in one direction • Incomes decline away from the CBD • Squatter settlements on edges of city and in disamenity zones

  14. GENERALIZED VIEW OF LATIN AMERICAN ECONOMIES

  15. Up to mid 20th century • During colonial period (up to 1820’s and 1830’s) and after independence • Export dependency, i.e. a reliance on export of agricultural goods and minerals – coffee, sugar, tin, silver, etc. • Resource-based economies • Countries vulnerable to fluctuations in international markets

  16. 1950’s - 1970’s • Industrialization viewed as important economic development strategy • IMPORT SUBSTITUTION – focusses on domestic production of manufactured goods, state owns or subsidizes key industries, high tariffs on imported goods • Helped to fuel growth of primate cities

  17. 1980’s – present • Adoption of NEO-LIBERAL economic policies – stress privatization, foreign investors, production for export, few restrictions on imports • Growth of MAQUILADORA program in northern Mexico • Mexico joins NAFTA in 1993

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