Integrated Pest Management for Controlling Tea Pests in Indonesia

1. Integrated Pest Management for Controlling Tea Pests in Indonesia Boy Valenza Damiri (boy.valenza@yahoo.com)

2. Objective to formulate the integrated pest management for controlling the common tea pests in Indonesia.

3. Introduction Indonesia is the world's fifth largest tea producer in the world after India, China, Srilanka, and Kenya (Suprihatini, 2005). In 2002, total tea production of this country was about 5.7 % from total tea production in this world (3.062.072 tons) (International Tea Committee/ITC, 2003 in Suprihatini, 2005).

4. Sources: http://picasaweb.google.com/adeenasreen/BandungDanTamanSafariCisaruaIndonesia#5226522357579182226 ; http://my-indonesia.info/page.php?id=875&ic=1130; http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/5958158.jpg 

5. The productivity of tea plantation in Indonesia is still unstable (Indonesian Export Bank, 2008). This condition influences the productivity of tea export volume from Indonesia to the world (Indonesian Export Bank, 2008). Table 1. Fluctuation of tea export in Indonesia Source: Data of Ministry of Agriculture-Indonesia (2001-2006) in Bank Ekspor Indonesia (2007).

6. The bad management of controlling pests in the field will decrease the yield and the quality of tea leaves due to pests attacks.

7. Helopeltis antonii, Empoasca flavescens,Homona coffearia, Brevipalpus phoenicis, Cydia leucostoma are the most common tea pests in Indonesia (Simanjuntak, 2002; Oomen, 1982).

8. Helopeltis antonii(Mosquito bug) BIOLOGY: Female lays eggs hidden inside young stems There are five instars during the nymph stage The nymph stages live on a bud or at the young leaves The adults can live for 8 - 13 days Period for a generation: 17-35 days* There are about 8 generations per year. Nymphs and adults of Helopeltis are the most important stages which damage the tea plants.

9. BEHAVIOURS: The population of this pest will increase rapidly at rainy season. Adults and Nymphs are more active during the cooler parts of the day (in early morning, late afternoon, or just after rains). They hide under the tea leaves during the hottest time of the day.

10. Symptoms Sources (Starting from the top-left side picture, clockwise rotation) Suh-Neu Hsiao et al. (1983) in Zeiss and Braber (2001) ; Zeiss and Braber (2001) ; Simanjuntak (2022)

11. Empoasca flavescens(Tea Green Leafhopper) BIOLOGY: Female lays eggs inside the soft tissue of new tea buds, particularly in the internode There are four instars during the nymph stage The nymph stages live on the under side of tea leaves, they sometimes climb onto the surface of young leaves to feed The adults can life for 14 - 21 days There are about 10 generations per year. Nymphs and adults of E.flavescens are the most important stages which damage the tea plants.

12. BEHAVIOURS: E. flavescens do not like direct sunlight and therefore prefer to stay on the underside of the leaves Too much rain or too dry weather are not favorable for the development of the insect. This insect is most damaging during the period between dry season and rainy

13. Symptoms

14. Homona coffearia(caterpillar) BIOLOGY: Female lays eggs on the upper surfaces of leaves Larvae hatch from eggs and start feeding on the young leaves, Older larvae can be found inside the rolled and tied leaves The pupa is found inside the nest. Period for a generation : 35-63 days* There are about 8 generations per years Larvae are the most important stages which damage the tea plants.

15. BEHAVIOURS: The larvae feed on tea young leaves and make �nests� by connecting leaves with silk threads, sometimes of one leaf rolled up, or sometimes of two or more leaves together H.cofferia is most abundant in dry weather

16. Homona Infestation

17. Cydia leucostoma(caterpillar) Female lays eggs on the undersides of mature tea leaves Eggs will hatch after 5 - 10 days* Caterpillars hatch from eggs and move from older leaves into young leaves and feed inside. Older caterpillars make nests (for pupa) gradually by folding the side of young leaves. The pupa is found inside the nest. There are about 8 generations per years Larvae are the most important stages which damage the tea plants.

18. BEHAVIOURS: The larvae will make a tight leaf roll of the bud and top leaves of a young shoot (flush) gradually by folding the side of leaves. C. Leucostoma is most abundant in dry weather Imago is usually active in morning- afternoon (between 8.00 � 15.00 o'clock)

20. Cydia Infestation

21. Brevipalpus phoenicis(Scarlet Tea Mite) Female lays eggs in cracks, or any protected areas on the plant surface. Nymphs and adults are usually concentrated on the lower surfaces of leaves, especially at the leaf base and the petiole Adults live for 30 days or more Period for a generation: 20-47 days* There are about 8 generations per years Nymphs and adults are the most important stages which damage the tea plants.

22. BEHAVIOURS: B. phoenicis damage the undersurface of tea leaves by sucking the sap from tea leaves causing dead brown patches along the midvein and the petioles, dead brown patches along the outside edges of the leaves and in severe, causing the leaves fall off The populations especially increase during the dry seasons

23. Brevivalpus Infestation

24. IPM for Controlling The Tea Pests

25. Five elements of the IPM Cultural control, Sampling and monitoring, Calculating economic levels, Using less insecticides, Releasing the natural enemies.

26. Cultural Control

29. Sampling and Monitoring

30. MONITORING THE NATURAL ENEMIES: By using Sticky Suction Traps Placed among the rows of tea bushes with the fan-side opening 5 cm above the plucking surface of the tea bushes By using Sex Pheromones For Monitoring or For Mass Trapping H. coffearia: dodecyl acetate, dodecanol, and (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate at the ratio of 49:15:36 C. leucostoma: (Z,E)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate

31. Calculating the Economic Levels Determined by sampling data Helopeltis (5% infestation), Homona, Cydia, and Empoasca (5 infested rolls & Tea tortrix per bush), Red spider mites (4 mites per leaf), Pink & purple mites (5 mites per leaf)

32. Using Less Pesticides Avoiding for using broad-spectrum pesticides Using selective pesticides Metemidofas for controlling Helopeltis Dicofol for controlling Brevipalpis Spraying with solutions of soap plus water for controlling Brevipalpis and Empoasca, Time of Spraying

33. Using Natural Enemies H.antonii By using Erythmelus helopeltidis 50%-80% (India) E. flavescens By using Beauveria bassiana 39%-50% (China)

34. H.antonii and E.flavescens Web spinning spider (Family Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, Ordo Araneae, Arachnida) Jumping spider (Familiy Salticidae, Ordo Araneae, Arachnida)

35. H.coffearia By using Macrocentrus homonae (nixon) Over 80% (Srilanka) C. leucostoma By using Bracon hebetor Low result (India) B.phoenicis By using Amblyseius deleoni 13%-37% (Indonesia)

36. Standard Operational Procedures for Controlling The Tea Pests in Indonesia

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