Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction

1. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction

3. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Crankcase Foundation of the engine, containing the bearings in which the crankshaft revolves.

4. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Crankcase Tight enclosure for lubricating oil. Support for attachment of the cylinders and the powerplant to the aircraft. Must be rigid, strong and light. Cast of forged aluminum alloy.

5. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Opposed Engine Crankcase

6. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Crankshafts Transforms the reciprocating motion of the piston and connecting rod into rotary motion for the propeller.

7. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Crankshaft Backbone of engine. Forged from very strong alloy (Chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel). Single or multi-piece.

8. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Crankshaft Four-throw used on four-cylinder engines. Six-throw used on six-cylinder engines. Three Main Parts Journal Crankpin Crankcheek

9. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Crankshaft Balance Dynamic dampers are used to reduce vibration during engine operation. Pendulum which is fastened to the crankshaft.

10. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Connecting Rods Link which transmits forces between the piston and the crankshaft.

11. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Master and Articulated Rod Assembly Commonly used in radial engines. One piston in each row is connected to the master rod. Others are connected to the master rod by articulated rods.

12. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Fork And Blade Assembly Used primarily in V-type engines.

13. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Plain Type Connecting Rod Used in in-line and opposed engines.

14. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Pistons Acts as a moving wall within the combustion chamber.

15. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction As the piston moves down it draws in fuel/air mixture. As it moves up it compresses the charge. Ignition occurs, and expanding gases force the piston down. This force is transmitted to crankshaft through connecting rod. On the return upward stroke, the piston forces the exhaust gas out.

16. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Piston Construction Machined from aluminum alloy forgings. Grooves machined for piston rings. Cooling fins inside for greater heat transfer. Piston pin (wrist pin) joins the piston to the connecting rod.

17. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Piston Types Trunk Type Slipper Type Not used in aircraft

18. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Piston Rings Compression Rings Oil Control Rings Oil Scraper Rings

19. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Compression Rings Prevent the escape of gas past the piston during engine operation. Number used depends on engine design. Cross section of the ring is either rectangular or wedge shaped

20. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Oil Control Rings Placed in grooves immediately below the compression rings. One or more rings per piston. Regulate the thickness of the oil film on the cylinder wall.

21. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Oil Scraper Ring Installed in the groove at the bottom of the piston skirt. Installed with the scraping edge away from the piston head or in the reverse position. Returns surplus oil to the crankcase.

22. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Cylinders The portion of the engine in which the power is developed. Provides a combustion chamber where the burning and expansion of gases take place. Houses the piston and the connecting rod.

23. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Cylinders Either produced singly or cast in a block. Air-cooled engine uses the overhead valve type. Two major parts: Head, Barrel.

24. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Cylinder Heads Provides a place for combustion of the fuel/air mixture. Gives the cylinder more heat conductivity for cooling. Contains the intake valve, exhaust valve and sparkplugs. Contains fins for cooling.

25. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Cylinder Barrels Made of a steel alloy forging with the inner surface hardened to resist wear. (Nitrided) Worn Cylinder walls can be ground out and re-nitrided or chrome plated. Chrome plated cylinders can be recognized by orange paint mark on cylinder.

26. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Cylinder Numbering (Opposed Engine) Propeller (Front) Accessory (Rear) Left, right (Pilot’s view)

27. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Cylinder Numbering (Opposed Engine) Numbering is by no means standard. Continental starts from rear. Lycoming starts from front.

28. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Cylinder Numbering (Radial Engine)

29. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Cylinder Numbering (Radial Engine) Numbered clockwise as viewed from the accessory end. Single-row, cylinder No. 1 is the top cylinder. Double-row, all odd-numbered cylinders are in the rear, and all even numbered cylinders are in the front.

30. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Firing Order The Sequence in which the power event occurs in the different cylinders. Designed to provide for balance and to eliminate vibration.

31. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Firing Order Single-Row-Radial First all odd numbered cylinders fire in numerical succession. Then the even-numbered cylinders fire in numerical succession. 1-3-5-7-9-2-4-6-8

32. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Firing Order Double-Row-Radial Arranged with the firing impulse occurring in a cylinder in one row and then in a cylinder in the other row. Two cylinders in the same row never fire in succession.

33. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Firing Order Opposed Engine Lycoming and Continental number their cylinders differently which gives us two sets of firing orders. But the firing impulses are the same.

34. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Firing Order Opposed Engine

35. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Valves

36. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Valves Fuel/air mixture enters the cylinders through the intake valve. Burned gases are expelled through the exhaust valve. Mushroom or tulip type depending on shape.

37. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction

38. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Valve Construction Intake valves, because of lower operating temperatures, can be made of chrome-nickel steel. Exhaust valves are made of exotic metals such as inconel, silicon-chromium or cobalt-chromium alloys.

39. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Valve Construction

40. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Valve Construction Valve head has ground face which forms a seal against the ground valve seat in the cylinder head. Valve face ground to an angle of either 30° or 45°. Valve face made more durable by the application of stellite (an alloy of cobalt and chromium).

41. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Valve Construction Valve stem acts as a pilot for the valve head and rides in the valve guide. Surface-hardened to resist wear. Some stems are hollow and partially filled with metallic sodium.

42. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Valve Construction The neck is the part that forms the junction between the head and the stem. The tip is hardened to with stand the hammering of the valve rocker arm.

43. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Valve Construction Machined groove near tip receives the split-ring keys which form a lock ring to hold the valve spring retaining washer.

44. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Valve-Operating Mechanism Each valve must open at the proper time, stay open for the required length of time, and close at the proper time. Timing of the valves is controlled by the valve-operating mechanism.

45. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Valve-Operating Mechanism Intake valves open just before the piston reaches top dead center, and exhaust valves remain open after top dead center. At this particular instant both valves are open at the same time (end of the exhaust stroke and beginning of the intake stroke). This valve overlap results in better volumetric efficiency and lower operating temperatures.

46. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Valve-Operating Mechanism (Opposed engine)

47. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Valve-Operating Mechanism (Radial engine)

48. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Camshaft Valve-operating mechanism is operated by a camshaft.

49. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Camshaft The camshaft is driven by a gear that mates with another gear attached to the crankshaft.

50. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Tappet Assembly Converts rotational movement of the cam lobe into reciprocating motion. Transmits this motion to the push rod, rocker arm, and then to the valve tip. Opening the valve at the proper time.

51. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Tappet Assembly

52. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Hydraulic Valve Tappets Designed to automatically keep the valve clearance at zero. Ball check valve traps oil in the pressure chamber and. Acts as a cushion as the camshaft rotates.

53. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Hydraulic Valve Tappets

54. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Push Rod Transmits the force from the valve tappet to the rocker arm. Tubular form used because of its strength Permits lubricating oil to pass through the hollow rod to the ball ends.

55. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Rocker Arms Transmits the lifting force from the cam to the valve.

56. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Valve Springs Function is to close the valve and to hold the valve securely on the valve seat.

57. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Valve Springs Two or more springs used to eliminate spring vibration or surging during different engine speeds. Held in place by split locks installed in the recess of the valve spring upper retainer washer.

58. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Bearings

59. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Bearings Any surface which supports, or is supported by, another surface. Composed of material that is strong enough to withstand the pressure imposed on it. Permit the other surface to move with a minimum of friction and wear. Lubricated bearings.

60. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Bearings Three types of lubricated bearings used: Plain Bearings Ball Bearings Roller Bearings Bearings are required to take radial loads, thrust loads, and a combination of the two.

61. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Plain Bearings Used for crankshaft, cam ring, camshaft, connecting rods, and accessory drive shaft. Subjected to radial loads. Made of nonferrous metals.

62. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Ball Bearings Used in supercharger impeller shaft bearings and rocker arm bearings. Special deep groove ball bearings are used in some aircraft engines to transmit propeller thrust to the engines nose section.

63. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Roller Bearings Straight roller bearings used where the bearing is subjected to radial loads only. Tapered roller bearings used where bearing is subjected to both radial and thrust loads.

64. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Propeller Reduction Gearing Turns the propeller at a slower speed than the engine. Increases propeller efficiency. Three types: Spur Planetary Bevel Planetary Spur and Pinion

65. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction

66. Reciprocating Engine Design and Construction Propeller Shafts