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Gilded Age Shines Outside, Tarnished Underneath

Gilded Age. Technology Immigration Big BusinessCitiesUnification of U.S.. PollutionPovertyRobber BaronsSlumsClosing of the West. Rapid Industrialization. Natural Resources are Plentiful: oil, coal, iron, trees, grain, livestockLaissez-faire government: few laws regulate, kick-back schemes, philanthropist donationsImmigration: cheap, plentiful labor, no laws.

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Gilded Age Shines Outside, Tarnished Underneath

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    1. Gilded Age “Shines Outside, Tarnished Underneath” Post Reconstruction to 1900

    3. Rapid Industrialization Natural Resources are Plentiful: oil, coal, iron, trees, grain, livestock Laissez-faire government: few laws regulate, kick-back schemes, philanthropist donations Immigration: cheap, plentiful labor, no laws

    4. Notable Inventions (Bessemer)- process yields steel Steel yields RR track, skyscrapers (Jenny), suspension bridges (Roebling) (Drake) Petroleum refining yields kerosene, oil, gas (Westinghouse) AC/DC electrical currents harnessed (Edison) Incandescent lighting (Bell) Telephone

    5. Skyscrapers

    6. Department Stores

    7. Roeblings and Brooklyn Bridge

    8. Texas Crude

    9. Shale Oil is Discovered

    10. Electricity to Business and Home

    11. Indoor Lighting-West Orange

    12. Telephone – Bell Labs

    13. Central Pacific Meets Union Pacific –Promontory Pt, Utah

    14. Time Zones

    15. Hard and Dangerous Work

    16. Millionaires and Crooks Carnegie, JP Morgan, Pullman get rich Credit Mobilier scandal lines the pockets of politicians by overcharging construction Farmers lose out land near RR Price fixing charges small farmers more Granger laws established (Munn v Illinois) –gov’t can regulate private industry to help consumers – ICC estb interstate rates Bad times leads to “oligopoly” in RR, other

    17. Business Savvy? Carnegie promoted efficiency, internal competition, vertical and horizontal integration Holding companies and Trusts consolidate and build control over entire industries: J.P. Morgan –US Steel buys Carnegie Steel, John D. Rockefeller-Standard Oil Robber Barons –squeeze then jack up prices Philanthropists Social Darwinism –poor are lazy and inferior Sherman Antitrust – largely unenforced

    18. Rise of Labor Unions Conditions appalling: 7 days, no vacation, no breaks, 14 hr days, poor air/heat, no sick pay, dangerous, dirty, kids and women exploited the most, pay so low everyone had to work to pay rent/food Samuel Gompers heads AFL-craft union Eugene Debs heads RR union-industry Mother Mary Harris Jones- crippled children’s march

    19. Strike! Great Strike of 1877 – RR workers protest several pay cuts Haymarket Riots Chicago – crowd gathered to protest police brutality-bomb thrown at police-several killed Homestead Strike – Carnegie Steel-12 dead, closed down for 6 mos but mgt won Pullman Strike – scabs hired –led to violence, workers blacklisted Uprising of 20,000-led by Pauline Newman-estb ILGWU-Shirtwaist Fire 1911

    20. More Recent Union Membership

    21. Show Me The Money

    22. Immigration and Urbanization 1880 - 1920

    23. Immigration 1880 - 1920 Europeans entered through eastern points – largest Ellis Island –NY Asian immigrants – many passed through Angel Island – harsh questioning, unclean conditions. Had to have some money ($25), had to be in good health, no criminal record.Europeans entered through eastern points – largest Ellis Island –NY Asian immigrants – many passed through Angel Island – harsh questioning, unclean conditions. Had to have some money ($25), had to be in good health, no criminal record.

    24. Jacob Riis – Progressive Photographer -5 cents a spot-cheap housing, steady work Jacob Riis immigrated to the US from Denmark and experienced first hand the poverty of newly arriving immigrants in the cities. He was so poor he too had to sleep in shelters set up in police stations. He eventually got a job with a newspaper and was determined to use his position to uncover and show the horrendous conditions of tenement life. These single men could pay a nickel for a spot inside. Cities were attractive to immigrants: familiar culturally, convenient, cheap, steady work for unskilled labor. Overcrowding worsened by rural families – less farming due to increase productivity, now in cities-especially large numbers of African Americans escaping segregation of South. Jacob Riis immigrated to the US from Denmark and experienced first hand the poverty of newly arriving immigrants in the cities. He was so poor he too had to sleep in shelters set up in police stations. He eventually got a job with a newspaper and was determined to use his position to uncover and show the horrendous conditions of tenement life. These single men could pay a nickel for a spot inside. Cities were attractive to immigrants: familiar culturally, convenient, cheap, steady work for unskilled labor. Overcrowding worsened by rural families – less farming due to increase productivity, now in cities-especially large numbers of African Americans escaping segregation of South.

    25. The Seedy Side of Life Many of the victims of poverty were children. Riis caught these 3 sleeping in a ventilation chamber on Mulberry Street. Many of the victims of poverty were children. Riis caught these 3 sleeping in a ventilation chamber on Mulberry Street.

    26. Tenement Living Air Shafts used as Public Toilets Typical tenement house – with little to no ventilation, overcrowding – 3 – 4 families on 1 floor designed for 1 or 2. No sanitation. 1879 – NYC passed minimum conditions laws requiring air shafts so windows are in each room. Smell from garbage in air shaft so bad, plus rats, that they nailed windows shut. No indoor plumbing, no running water- collected from pails in streets-outbreak of disease cholera, typhoid. Positive – established mass transit to help move mass numbers around – Street Car, then Subway in NY Fire a constant hazard-no electricity – so used lamps for light-highly flammable.Typical tenement house – with little to no ventilation, overcrowding – 3 – 4 families on 1 floor designed for 1 or 2. No sanitation. 1879 – NYC passed minimum conditions laws requiring air shafts so windows are in each room. Smell from garbage in air shaft so bad, plus rats, that they nailed windows shut. No indoor plumbing, no running water- collected from pails in streets-outbreak of disease cholera, typhoid. Positive – established mass transit to help move mass numbers around – Street Car, then Subway in NY Fire a constant hazard-no electricity – so used lamps for light-highly flammable.

    27. Taking Turns Sleeping Social Gospel Movement –Hull House- Jane Addams Conditions so poor that settlement houses were started – Social Gospel movement – by advocates of the poor – Jane Addams – Hull House – most well know educational, cultural and social services to immigrants.Conditions so poor that settlement houses were started – Social Gospel movement – by advocates of the poor – Jane Addams – Hull House – most well know educational, cultural and social services to immigrants.

    28. Unsafe Heating Fire Hazard Buildings made of wood, closely packed together – like fire trap – little available water if emergency happened. Most cities had professional firefighters by 1900, developed sprinkler systems, and changed building products. Example – Great Chicago Fire of 1871 – burned for 24 hours, 300 dead, 100,000 displacedBuildings made of wood, closely packed together – like fire trap – little available water if emergency happened. Most cities had professional firefighters by 1900, developed sprinkler systems, and changed building products. Example – Great Chicago Fire of 1871 – burned for 24 hours, 300 dead, 100,000 displaced

    29. Crime- Bandit’s Roost Police had little impact

    30. Immigration Restrictions Nativist movement – favoritism to US born Formed Immigration Restriction League Influenced Congress to pass Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 repealed 1943 Gentleman’s Agreement ended Japanese segregation in San Francisco Pecking order of immigrants began – Anglo countries like England and Germany were better than Southern and Eastern European immigrants. Nativists disliked non-Protestant religions and though somehow they were superior to the new wave of immigrants – also feared loss of jobs - so they lobbied Congress for limits Chinese Exclusion Act banned all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants and government officials. Kept extending for 10 year cycles until 1943. Gentlemans Agreement TR had limited immigration of non-skilled Japanese and San Fran repealed segregation.Pecking order of immigrants began – Anglo countries like England and Germany were better than Southern and Eastern European immigrants. Nativists disliked non-Protestant religions and though somehow they were superior to the new wave of immigrants – also feared loss of jobs - so they lobbied Congress for limits Chinese Exclusion Act banned all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants and government officials. Kept extending for 10 year cycles until 1943. Gentlemans Agreement TR had limited immigration of non-skilled Japanese and San Fran repealed segregation.

    31. Political Machine Legal “Mafia” A Pyramid System to secure votes Trade votes for “favors” Political Boss – controlled government money Graft – payout for favors-police on take Cities improved infrastructure Infamous – William “Boss” Tweed -headed NYC dems called Tammany Hall At the bottom level were precinct workers – usually first or second generation immigrants who helped the locals by getting them jobs or “justice” – in return they would vote for that precincts candidate at election time. Many times Bosses were not Mayor but influenced were the dollars went to projects – business people paid them a “fee” for service if the contract went to them Because they went around the “system” however, many cities infrastructure was improved like sewers, transporation, housing et many of the problems faced by immigrants were addressed through the “machine. Tweed Ring – most infamous in NYC – no one knows how much Tweed embessled out of NYC estimates are 30 million to 200 million Thomas Nast- famous cartoonist for Harper’s Weekly helped bring down Tweed Ring with politically charged cartoonsAt the bottom level were precinct workers – usually first or second generation immigrants who helped the locals by getting them jobs or “justice” – in return they would vote for that precincts candidate at election time. Many times Bosses were not Mayor but influenced were the dollars went to projects – business people paid them a “fee” for service if the contract went to them Because they went around the “system” however, many cities infrastructure was improved like sewers, transporation, housing et many of the problems faced by immigrants were addressed through the “machine. Tweed Ring – most infamous in NYC – no one knows how much Tweed embessled out of NYC estimates are 30 million to 200 million Thomas Nast- famous cartoonist for Harper’s Weekly helped bring down Tweed Ring with politically charged cartoons

    32. Boss Tweed-Political Machine Development of Political Machine and rise of political bosses-a local group usually led by a strong leader – who offered people/businesses favors for votes. A pyramid – bottom by block – next ward-next electoral district – up to mayor etc. Did help community with civil projects, loans, licenses, city jobs etc- Unfortunately, money into pockets of politicians- earmarked for local community – cost cities more as a result. Worse offender – NY – William “Boss” Tweed. Embezzled unknown millions out of NYC. Headed NYC DEms- Tammany Hall.Development of Political Machine and rise of political bosses-a local group usually led by a strong leader – who offered people/businesses favors for votes. A pyramid – bottom by block – next ward-next electoral district – up to mayor etc. Did help community with civil projects, loans, licenses, city jobs etc- Unfortunately, money into pockets of politicians- earmarked for local community – cost cities more as a result. Worse offender – NY – William “Boss” Tweed. Embezzled unknown millions out of NYC. Headed NYC DEms- Tammany Hall.

    33. Boss Tweed Thomas Nast – famous cartoonist – used Harper’s Weekly – to expose corruption – at the risk of losing his job. Tweed actually escaped from prison and went to Spain-captured there Thomas Nast – famous cartoonist – used Harper’s Weekly – to expose corruption – at the risk of losing his job. Tweed actually escaped from prison and went to Spain-captured there

    34. National Politics Also Affected by Graft Spoils System aka Patronage Civil Service qualifications Hayes (1876) couldn’t get reforms passed Garfield (1880) assassinated –Arthur his VP got Pendleton Civil Service Act through Cleveland (1884) tries to fight big Biz by reducing tarriffs- (tax on imports) Harrison (1888) friend of Big Biz-pro tariff Cleveland re-elected (1892) –2 non-consecutive terms Movement to get rid of patronage system – to give your friends and supporters jobs even if they are not qualified – Happended with Hurricane Katrina-Bush’s head of FEMA was a political position – experience was with the Thoroughbred Horse Racing Commission – no emergency planning experience prior! President Garfield was shot, died and his VP (Chester Arthur) who was originally anti- civil service turned and got legislation thorugh – today you need to pass a test to be considered for many jobs. Next issue was to reduce reliance on Big Business and payoffs-loans-political contributions-Cleveland tried to fight this by reducing tariffs making imports more affordable and giving domestic producers more competition. Not really successful. 1888 – Clevelan won popular vote, lost electoral vote – so Harrison won-1 termsMovement to get rid of patronage system – to give your friends and supporters jobs even if they are not qualified – Happended with Hurricane Katrina-Bush’s head of FEMA was a political position – experience was with the Thoroughbred Horse Racing Commission – no emergency planning experience prior! President Garfield was shot, died and his VP (Chester Arthur) who was originally anti- civil service turned and got legislation thorugh – today you need to pass a test to be considered for many jobs. Next issue was to reduce reliance on Big Business and payoffs-loans-political contributions-Cleveland tried to fight this by reducing tariffs making imports more affordable and giving domestic producers more competition. Not really successful. 1888 – Clevelan won popular vote, lost electoral vote – so Harrison won-1 terms

    35. Life at the Turn of the 20th Century Chapter 8

    36. Sections Science and Urban Life Expansion of Public Education Segregation and Discrimination Dawn of a Mass Culture

    37. Urban Life Skyscrapers- advances due to elevators and steel structure Electric Transportation-faster, further Engineering-suspension bridges Open spaces-Frederick Olmsted-Central Park Urban Planning-parks, wide avenues, lakefronts, playgrounds, commercial Skyscrapers- can’t build out, real estate too valuable, so build up. Louis Sullivan – 10 story Wainwright building in St. Louis- Daniel Burnham- Flatiron building in NYC-thin and angular-adaptable to an awkward space. Electric Transportation: Trolley cars, elevated trains, underground subways (buses and cars still did not exist!) Engineering – suspension bridges connected areas and neighborhoods that were separated by water and required ferries prior to this. City gets “closer”. Electric transportation able to use these bridges with heavier load capacity. Urban planning began to considered as conditions in cities became crowded-need for accessible recreation. Parks, promenades, water, fountains, trees, tennis, zoo, bike paths-soothing, tranquil. Also did Boston’s Emerald necklace – a string of parks throughout city and cleaned up swampy Back Bay area. Skyscrapers- can’t build out, real estate too valuable, so build up. Louis Sullivan – 10 story Wainwright building in St. Louis- Daniel Burnham- Flatiron building in NYC-thin and angular-adaptable to an awkward space. Electric Transportation: Trolley cars, elevated trains, underground subways (buses and cars still did not exist!) Engineering – suspension bridges connected areas and neighborhoods that were separated by water and required ferries prior to this. City gets “closer”. Electric transportation able to use these bridges with heavier load capacity. Urban planning began to considered as conditions in cities became crowded-need for accessible recreation. Parks, promenades, water, fountains, trees, tennis, zoo, bike paths-soothing, tranquil. Also did Boston’s Emerald necklace – a string of parks throughout city and cleaned up swampy Back Bay area.

    38. Flat Iron Building NYC

    39. Mass Transit Trolley

    40. Mass Transit Subway

    41. Urban Planning FrRederick Olmsted designed the 843 acre park which extends from 110 st north down to 59th street south and from 8th avenue to 5th ave west to east. It is 2.5 miles long and ˝ mile wide. It is completely landscaped to look “natural”. It contains lakes, ponds, a reservoir, jogging trails, skating ponds, great lawns, a zoo, wooded areas, even a restaurant (Tavern on the Green). Olmsted also designed Prospect Park in Brooklyn. It is now run by a non-profit group called the CP Conservatory.FrRederick Olmsted designed the 843 acre park which extends from 110 st north down to 59th street south and from 8th avenue to 5th ave west to east. It is 2.5 miles long and ˝ mile wide. It is completely landscaped to look “natural”. It contains lakes, ponds, a reservoir, jogging trails, skating ponds, great lawns, a zoo, wooded areas, even a restaurant (Tavern on the Green). Olmsted also designed Prospect Park in Brooklyn. It is now run by a non-profit group called the CP Conservatory.

    42. Science and Technology Printing process faster and cheaper Airplane travel-Orville and Wilbur Wright Photography Web-perfecting process allowed for printing on 2 sides at once, fold, count pages. Made for cheaper, more accessible print material including books, newspapers. Cheaper paper made out of wood pulp.. Led to a newspaper “war” were publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst competed for the loyal reader by focusing on scandals, cruelties, scathing headlines, death, destruction, sin and sex. Sometimes in order to sell papers they actually fabricated stories or at least facts to make it more appealing to the masses to sell papers – referred to as “ yellow journalism”. They were successful with over 1Million circulation for each paper. The Wright Brothers first flight lasted 12 seconds and they went 120 ft. in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, NC. By 1914 in WWI- they were being used in combat. By 1918 they were being used commercially by the postal service . By 1947, Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier and in 1976 the Supersonic Concorde was able to fly from NY to Paris in 4 hours – ˝ the normal jet time required on a 747. George Eastman brings photography to the masses- cheaper, easier to use cameras and film. As a result, photopgraphy is also added to publications.Web-perfecting process allowed for printing on 2 sides at once, fold, count pages. Made for cheaper, more accessible print material including books, newspapers. Cheaper paper made out of wood pulp.. Led to a newspaper “war” were publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst competed for the loyal reader by focusing on scandals, cruelties, scathing headlines, death, destruction, sin and sex. Sometimes in order to sell papers they actually fabricated stories or at least facts to make it more appealing to the masses to sell papers – referred to as “ yellow journalism”. They were successful with over 1Million circulation for each paper. The Wright Brothers first flight lasted 12 seconds and they went 120 ft. in 1903 at Kitty Hawk, NC. By 1914 in WWI- they were being used in combat. By 1918 they were being used commercially by the postal service . By 1947, Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier and in 1976 the Supersonic Concorde was able to fly from NY to Paris in 4 hours – ˝ the normal jet time required on a 747. George Eastman brings photography to the masses- cheaper, easier to use cameras and film. As a result, photopgraphy is also added to publications.

    44. Educational Advances and Set Backs Elementary School is compulsory 8-14 yrs in most states by the end of the Civil War High School becomes compulsory early 1900s, broaden curriculum Kindergarten added African Americans mostly excluded from secondary education at turn of century Universities broaden curriculum Universities for African Americans began Elementary is compulsory but much more limited in terms of # days required. Teachers often not formally trained and used corporal punishment for behavior management as well as poor performance. Kindergarten added to the mix in order to help working mothers. School needed to improve literacy of potential workforce and to begin to develop skills/technical jobs, Americanize immigrants, teach English and literacy in English. Horace Mann well noted for being an early advocate of public education. Mass ws first to have it as law in 1852. The last was Mississippi in 1918. High School was made compulsory in the early 1900s in most states. Most require attendance until age of 16. About 90% finish high school – with the exception of some cities such as LA with a 50% completion rate. Sadly, only about 1% of African Americans attended high school in late 1800s and most of them attended private schools. By 1910, 3%, again private schools. Only 2% of young people attended college or university in 1890s and they were middle or upper class children. Colleges began to establish research and professional schools like medicine, law, engineering and social science like pysch and sociology. New universities were established that catered to African American students, but only 3000 out of 9 milliion were able to attendElementary is compulsory but much more limited in terms of # days required. Teachers often not formally trained and used corporal punishment for behavior management as well as poor performance. Kindergarten added to the mix in order to help working mothers. School needed to improve literacy of potential workforce and to begin to develop skills/technical jobs, Americanize immigrants, teach English and literacy in English. Horace Mann well noted for being an early advocate of public education. Mass ws first to have it as law in 1852. The last was Mississippi in 1918. High School was made compulsory in the early 1900s in most states. Most require attendance until age of 16. About 90% finish high school – with the exception of some cities such as LA with a 50% completion rate. Sadly, only about 1% of African Americans attended high school in late 1800s and most of them attended private schools. By 1910, 3%, again private schools. Only 2% of young people attended college or university in 1890s and they were middle or upper class children. Colleges began to establish research and professional schools like medicine, law, engineering and social science like pysch and sociology. New universities were established that catered to African American students, but only 3000 out of 9 milliion were able to attend

    45. Champions of Education Booker T Washington-a gradual improvement - African Americans need an education in useful skills like education, agriculture, mechanical skills – Tuskegee Institute W.E.B. DuBois-immediate inclusion through a liberal arts education- to take leadership role now, not later- Niagra Movement-became the NAACP Washington was a slave, graduated Virginia Hampton Institute DuBois- first AAmerican to graduate Harvard-accelerated plan – his Niagra Movement eventually morphed into NAACP. Printed newspaper, The Crisis.Washington was a slave, graduated Virginia Hampton Institute DuBois- first AAmerican to graduate Harvard-accelerated plan – his Niagra Movement eventually morphed into NAACP. Printed newspaper, The Crisis.

    46. Advocates of Education

    47. Segregation is Legalized African Americans win the right to vote and hold office from Civil War This right eroded by discriminatory practices like literacy tests, poll taxes and the grandfather clause Lynching – not following racial “etiquette” Racial segregation or Jim Crow laws estb Plessy v Ferguson 1896 Debt peonage Ida Wells fights lynching after more successful business men are hung to discourage others from trying to achieve affluence. Plessy v Ferguson had the Supreme Court legalize separate but equal which continues for 60 years until Brown v BOE 1954, Civil Rights Act 1964 eliminiated these practices. Debt peonage – like slave labor to pay off a debt – popular in southwest with Mexican, Chinese and African Americans. 1911 found to be a violation of 13th amendment and discontinued.Ida Wells fights lynching after more successful business men are hung to discourage others from trying to achieve affluence. Plessy v Ferguson had the Supreme Court legalize separate but equal which continues for 60 years until Brown v BOE 1954, Civil Rights Act 1964 eliminiated these practices. Debt peonage – like slave labor to pay off a debt – popular in southwest with Mexican, Chinese and African Americans. 1911 found to be a violation of 13th amendment and discontinued.

    48. Leisure Grows into an Industry Amusement parks Bicycle Tennis Boxing Baseball Snacks: Coca Cola, Hershey Bar, Tootsie roll, Campbell’ Soup, Nabisco crackers Circus Movies Vaudeville Ragtime

    49. Ashcan Artists- John Sloan McSorley’s Shows real life- not idealized –even if there are negative connations.Shows real life- not idealized –even if there are negative connations.

    50. Ashcan Artist-Robert Henri The Laundress

    51. Ashcan Artist-John Sloan Sunday, Women Drying their Hair

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