1 / 28

The Human Immune System: Basics and then some…

The Human Immune System: Basics and then some…. Basic Components of the Immune System. Pathogen, Bacteria, Viruses, Infections, and parasites Leukocytes Antibodies Antigens. Virus. Pathogens and all the other stuff.

Gabriel
Download Presentation

The Human Immune System: Basics and then some…

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Human Immune System:Basics and then some…

  2. Basic Components of the Immune System • Pathogen, Bacteria, Viruses, Infections, and parasites • Leukocytes • Antibodies • Antigens Virus

  3. Pathogens and all the other stuff • Any biological agent that causes illness and/or disease to its host. Also known as a germs, simple as that! Different types of pathogens include the following:

  4. White Blood Cells

  5. Eosinophilsand Macrophages Eosinophils are a type of White Blood Cell. They fight infection and parasites. They also play a role in Allergic reactions. Eosinophils produce Interleukin 1 and Interleukin 2 (To be explained later as well). • Macrophage, “Big Eaters,” a form of White Blood Cell. • Operates in both the Non-specific and Specific Immune Systems (to be explained later) • Also a Phagocyte, which means it engulfs pathogens and cellular debris, and then proceeds to digest it, this process is known as Phagocytosis. Macrophage!

  6. Antibodies & Antigens Antibodies are produced by B cells, when stimulated by lymphokines from helper T cells. The antibody attaches to the antigen, completing the signal, coding the infected cells for destruction. Antibodies are constructed of DNA fragments, making them so unique and almost innumerable. • Antigens= a fragment of a protein or peptide from the pathogen, taken to the surface of the infected cell and bound in an MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecule. • The class 1 MHC complex molecule and the foreign peptide form the antigen, which can be read by the receptors on Killer T cells. Antigen Cell Class 1 MHC molecule Pathogen

  7. T cells! Killer T cells- They find specifically coded infected cells, and then destroy them with cytotoxins. They may be directed by Helper T cells Helper T cells- secrete lymphokines that direct B cells into producing antibodies and also direct the Killer T cells as to which cell they get to eliminate. Memory T cells- derived from Helper T cells, have the same properties as their parent cell, and circulates until the body encounters the pathogen its parent cells were designer for. Suppressor T cells- in charge of slowing and stopping the immune response after the foreign substance is destroyed.

  8. B Plasma Cells- when the B cell produces the antibody for a specific antigen, it begins to clone itself into B plasma cells, that produce more of that particular binding antibody. These cells release immunoglobulin, or antibodies. B plasma cells have a 5 to 7 day life-span all its protein synthesis energy is going into the production of Antibodies, not self preservation. B Memory Cells- These are the same as B plasma cells, except they remain inactive until the secondary immune response Secondary immune response is considered anytime the body encounters a pathogen after the first time. Quicker response time. Primary response is the first time the body encounters a specific pathogen, Lag period before B cells respond. B cells

  9. NK Cells • NK, stands for Natural Killers, meaning they do not need to be activated by a class 1 MHC receptor • NK cells play a major role in the Innate Immune System • Activated by interferons and macrophage-derived cytokines • Contains a virus until killer T cells develop, and then kills the virus.

  10. Now, the pieces come together…

  11. Non-Specific Immune Response • Also Known as the “Innate Immune System • Consists of: Complement system, and three response types: Fever Response, Inflammatory Response, Interferon Response

  12. Inflammatory Response • Occurs from Trauma. • Releases Bradykinin • Causing release of histamines. • Histamine causes increased capillary dilation, subsequently increasing capillary permeability. • Increase in fluids causes inflammation! Bradykinin is a protein that stimulates pain sensors as well as causing the release of histamines

  13. Interferon Response • As the name suggests, they interfere…with viral replication! • Once the virus infects the cell, the cell creates a chemical protein called Interferon! • Interferon inhibits viral reproduction between cells by binding to the receptors of uninfected cells.

  14. FeverResponse • The response to toxins in the body, produced by bacteria, is to increase the internal temperature of the body. • This affect is enhanced when cells release Pyrogen, a cytokine that resets the bodies temp. Also known as Interleukin 1!

  15. ComplementSystem 1.)Chemical stimulation causes the complement protein to bind with any cell, like bacteria. Binding triggers activation of other complements, as well as attracting phagocytes. Complements can kill bacteria by punching a hole into their lipid membrane and essentially drowning them in water. • Main component of the Innate Immune System • 3 primary ways to dispose of pathogens. 2.) Some cells have sugar (polysaccharide) capsule shells, complement can’t directly bind. So they’re either eaten by macrophages, or 3) bound to a macrophage that then releases IL-6, IL-6 goes to the liver and produces a protein called Mannose. Mannose binds to the bacteria, allowing a complement to bind to it as well. Foreign Cell

  16. Interleukins Of Note: Interleukin 1, 2, and 6 • A form of cytokine, they act like neurotransmitters for the immune system, relaying messages. • Interleukin 1: • Responsible for fever response • Controls some lymphocytes • Increases the number of bone marrow cells • Causes degeneration of joints between bones Interleukin 6: -Secreted by macrophages, and sent to liver to produce Mannose, which is a protein that binds to sugars. - Helps with inflammation, especially from burns Interleukin 2: -Key in discriminating between Self and foreign cells -Secreted by the binding of T cells to an antigen - Stimulates growth, differentiation, and survival of killer T cells.

  17. Specific Immune Response • Also known as “Adaptive Immune System” • Breaks down into two categories- Antibody- Mediated Immune Response (AMIR) Cell-Mediated Immune Response (CMIR)

  18. Antibody Mediated Immune Response • Also known as Humoral Immune Response • The antibodies secreted by the B cells in AMIRattach to antigens and effectively “tag” specific cells for destruction, sparing the lives of the healthy cells.

  19. Flow of AMIR Macrophages roam body, engulfing infected extracellular materials Degrades engulfed material into peptides Class 2 MHC presents the infected peptide As an Antigen Antigen received by Helper T cells Macrophage returns to lymph nodes w/ antigen Th Cells secrete lymphokines Lymphokines direct B cells to release antibodies And directs Tk cells to infected cells. Tk kills infected cells tagged by antibodies

  20. Flow of CMIR Host cells carry class 1 MHC molecules to outside of cell MHC binds to and displays peptide/protein fragment of pathogen Antigen recognized by Killer T cell antigen receptors Parasite and MHC form antigen Killer T cell releases cytotoxins into infected cells, and kills them

  21. Immunological Memory • The reason why vaccines make sense, and we eventually build a tolerance to certain diseases… Vaccination is an introduction of a dormant or dead pathogen, which allows are body to do its primary immune response without the risk of actual sickness. It’s because after every encounter with a pathogen, both the T cells and the B cells differentiate into an inactive form of their parent cell. They remain inactive until the second immune response for that specific pathogen.

  22. Allergic reactions • The allergy is the immune systems response to a harmless foreign substance, such as pollen or dust. • Since the immune system is based primarily off of DNA, then it can be inferred that allergies are hereditary.

  23. Self vs. Not Self • Like most systems things can go wrong, such as when the immune system attacks itself, not recognizing the proteins that code a cell as “self.” When this happens it is known as an autoimmune disease. • In the case of tissue implants, they may be rejected if the tissue cells don’t have the proper proteins to inactivate the complement system in a different humans body. So the complement kills the cells! • In order for tissues to be accepted they also must have the proper MHC complex to pass as human cells, these proteins must be on the surface of the cells, as either of the two classes.

  24. The Immune System presented differently Immunological memory CMIR AMIR

  25. Bibliography-Information • http://www.mmu.k12.vt.us/teachers/kefferm/humanbio/immune/how%20cells%20process%20Ag.pdf • http://www.mmu.k12.vt.us/teachers/kefferm/humanbio/immune/white%20blood%20cells%20writing.jpg • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_System • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humoral_immune_response • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukins • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_1 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_2 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphokine • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophil_granulocyte • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cell • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage#Phagocytosis • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy • The Human Biology Text book by Joseph Mannino • http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/bugl/immune.htm • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody • And many, many, many, many other wikipedia pages…

  26. Bibliography-Pictures • https://services.epnet.com/GetImage.aspx/getImage.aspx?ImageIID=2508 • http://www.mmu.k12.vt.us/teachers/kefferm/humanbio/immune/how%20cells%20process%20Ag.pdf • http://mmsmineraldrops.com/images/pathogens3.jpg • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte • http://www.bio-pro.de/imperia/md/images/artikelgebunden/stern/nk_tumor_338x319.jpg • http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/bugl/immune.htm • http://tell.fll.purdue.edu/JapanProj/FLClipart/Verbs/fever.gif • http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/light-virus-1.jpg • http://www.lipidnutrition.com/Images/MPE_059_gs%20copy%20adjusted%20pixels_tcm7-3751.jpg • http://pathology.emory.edu/images/FacultyImages/CooperM.jpg • http://www.gtdtimes.com/files/2008/05/memory.jpg • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Hematopoiesis_simple.png • http://www.modernforager.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/96500b.jpg

  27. Words of the Day! • Erythropoietin- glycoprotein that controls red blood cell production. • Haematopoiesis- the process of making blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells. • Agammaglobulinemia- the inability to make antibodies

  28. And then there’s this guy…

More Related