Diabetes Monitoring Using Glucometer

1. Biomedical Engineering and Medical Devices Biomedical Signal Processing Diabetes Monitoring Using Glucometer By: GenanewMulugetaKassaw ID: D121GP033 Submitted to: Professor Mani March 2024 MCUT, Taiwan

2. 2 Outlines Introduction • What is Diabetics • Causes • Types • Historical advancement in detecting blood glucose level Glucometer • Description • Working Principles • Literature Review

3. 3 DefinitionDiabetes • “A metabolic disease in which the body’s inability to produce any or enough insulin causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood.”

4. 4

5. 5 Global prevalence

6. 6 Causes of Diabetes

7. 7 Sign and Symptoms of DM Sign of Diabetes • High blood glucose level • High blood pressure • Weight loss

8. Also known as juvenile diabetes • Usually diagnosed in children and young adults • When body’s own immune system destroys the insulin producing cells of the pancreas – beta cells – which produce insulin • Only 5% of people have this disease • Body does not produce insulin • Is not preventable • No primary intervention Types of Diabetes Type 1 diabetes:

9. 9 Diabetes Mellitus-I • Chronic endocrine disorder characterized by hyperglycemia • Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs • Type I diabetes is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency • Usually occurs in children and young adults • It is characterized as an autoimmune disorder resulting from the combination of genetic and unknown environmental factors • More common in the athletic population than type II • Athletes with diabetes can compete at the highest level with appropriate management and monitoring

10. 10 Diabetes Mellitus Type I Prevention/Treatment Outside insulin therapy Monitoring of blood glucose Healthy nutrition Exercise* Blood glucose levels must be monitored during practices and games to reduce the risk of complications in maintaining proper blood glucose levels during exercise. Blood glucose levels should be measured before, during, and after exercise. (this may be increased during extreme temperatures or altitudes)

11. Most common form of diabetes – about 90% of cases • Used to be called adult onset, non insulin dependent diabetes • Body produces insulin, but does not use it properly • glucose doesn’t move into cells, they pile up in the bloodstream Type 2 diabetes:

12. Genetics • Family pmHx • Age • After age 45, but increases in younger adults and children • Environmental factors • Inactivity • Weight gain Risk factors:

13. Preventions • Maintain a healthy lifestyle • Adjust diet • Exercise and eat well Type 2

14. Having diabetes during pregnancy • Family Hx of diabetes, overweight prior to pregnancy? • Having gestational diabetes puts you at risk for diabetes type 2 • Giving birth to a baby >9 lbs also puts you at risk for type 2 • 18 out of 100 pregnant females will develop GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

15. Complications for uncontrolled diabetes:

16. Indications for BG Measuring Signs and Symptoms consistent with • Acute Stroke • Altered Mental Status

17. Levels

18. Hyperglycemia • Blood glucose level of 120 or higher • Signs and symptoms: • Frequent urination • Increased thirst

19. The Historical Development of Blood Glucose Monitoring Technology

22. Glucometer

25. GlucometerFundamental Design

30. Procedures • Careful attention to BSI & safety • Insert Glucometer test strip into device • Select Finger • Massage blood into distal end • Clean finger with alcohol & allow to dry • Use lancet or Auto-lancet device • Wipe first drop of blood off • Apply drop of blood onto test strip and follow individual glucometer instructions • Dispose of sharps and soiled supplies

31. Step 1

32. Step 2 • Get out a lancet (prepare the lancet as needed) • Locate the place for the finger-stick: • Choose a finger… any finger (usually not the thumb) • Use the side of the pad of the finger, between the knuckle and the finger tip • If the patient has callused fingers or thick skin it maybe difficult to get blood, try to find a place with “thinner” skin • It is not authorized to use alternate site testing (IV starts, toes, arms, etc.) if fingers are not available, medical control must be contacted for orders to test an alternate site

33. Step 3 • Clean the finger tip that you will be performing the finger-stick on with an alcohol prep pad • Be sure the area dries completely, use a sterile gauze pad to dry the area if needed • Note: un-dried alcohol may skew the reading so make sure it dries completely

34. Step 4 • Lance the finger with the lancet • Lower the hand and squeeze the finger gently (if needed) to assist with producing a small droplet of blood

35. Step 5

36. Step 6 • When the blood glucose reading appears, document it immediately on the ePCR • Ex: “blood glucose 100 at 13:57” • Continue to treat the patient per Protocol

37. Results • 80-120 • Normal blood glucose range is typically • If it reads “E-3” = may be too low to read • If it reads “LO” = lower than 20 mg/dl • If it reads “HI” = higher than 500 mg/dl • Any of these readings could also indicate that there is a problem with the test strip.

43. Literatures Transdermal amperometric biosensors for continuous Glucose monitoring in diabetes (Liu et al., 2023)

44. Smartphone-Based Electrochemical Systems for Glucose Monitoring in Biofluids: A Review (Xu et al., 2022)

45. Smartphone-Based Electrochemical Systems for Glucose Monitoring in Biofluids: A Review (Xu et al., 2022)

46. Review—Electrochemistry and Other Emerging Technologies for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices (Das et al., 2022)

47. Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors for Glucose Monitoring (Majdnasab et al., 2024)

48. A Critical Review of Electrochemical Glucose Sensing: Evolution of Biosensor Platforms Based on Advanced Nanosystems(Juska et al., 2020)

49. Professor Mani Classmates Acknowledgments

50. Thank you! The End!