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DISPUTE RESOLUTIONIN INDIA www.khaitanlegal.com
Structureof CivilCourtSystem TheSupremeCourt ofIndiaistheapexcourtexercising original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction, followed by the highcourtsestablishedindifferentstatesandunionterritories ofIndia. All high courts exercise appellate jurisdiction over subordinate courts established in different districts with the exception of fivehighcourts(beingthehighcourtsatMumbai,Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Himachal Pradesh) which are the first courtsofinstanceinadditiontotheirappellatejurisdiction.
ROLE OF THE JUDGE AND THE JURY IN CIVILPROCEEDINGS JudgesinIndiancourtsplayan inquisitorialroleindecidingcasesas theyconductcivilandcriminal proceedings,considerarguments, appreciateevidence,applyapplicable lawandpassjudgments.Thejury systemisnotinpracticeinIndiaexcept to adjudicate matrimonial disputes in theParsicommunity. www.khaitanlegal.com
TIMELIMITSFOR BRINGING CIVIL CLAIMS Thetimelimitsforbringingcivil claimsareprescribedunderthe LimitationAct,1963.Partiesarenot atlibertytosuspendtimelimits prescribedunderthisact. www.khaitanlegal.com
Procedureandtimetable foracivilclaim Asuitisinstitutedbyfilingofaplaint. Thereafter, summons are issued to the defendants. On receipt of summons,ifadefendantdesirestodefendthesuit,thedefendantfiles itswrittenstatementwithin30+90daysofreceiptofsummons.In commercial suits, delay beyond 120 days in filing a written statement cannotbecondoned,unlikeallothercivilsuits. Afterthewrittenstatementisfiled,thepartiesenterintodiscoveryand inspectionofdocuments.Oncompletionofdiscovery,thecourtframes pointsfordetermination. Afterframingofissues,trialinthesuitcommenceswhere,interalia, evidence,bywayofdocumentsandwitnesses,ispresentedand witnessesarecross-examined. Thereafter,afinalhearingofthesuitisconductedbeforethecourt, whichthenpassesajudgment. Apartyaggrievedbythejudgmentofthecourtcanchallengethe sameinappealbeforeahighercourt.
How is evidence presentedat trial? Evidenceinthetrialcanbepresentedinbothoral anddocumentary(includingelectronic)form. Witnessesandexpertsdogiveoralevidence. Documentaryevidencecanalsobe presented duringcross-examinationofawitnessorexpert.
Arecourthearings heldinpublic? publicrecord,pleadings, documentsrelieduponbythe partiestoaproceeding, witness statements, etc.are tothe notmadeavailable public.
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