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The Nature of Matter

The Nature of Matter Chapter 2 Section 1 Atoms All matter is made up of atoms. Atoms are the smallest units of matter. Atoms consist of two regions: Nucleus Electron Cloud Subatomic Particles There are 3 subatomic particles: Protons ( positive charge) Neutrons ( neutral charge)

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The Nature of Matter

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  1. The Nature of Matter Chapter 2 Section 1

  2. Atoms • All matter is made up of atoms. • Atoms are the smallest units of matter. • Atoms consist of two regions: • Nucleus • Electron Cloud

  3. Subatomic Particles • There are 3 subatomic particles: • Protons (positive charge) • Neutrons (neutral charge) • Electrons (negative charge) • Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus. • Electrons are in the electron cloud.

  4. More Chemistry Terms • Element—pure substance made up of only one type of atom • Examples: gold, oxygen, iodine • Compound—pure substance made up of two or more types of atoms in definite proportions • Examples: H2O, CO2, NH3 • Molecule—smallest unit of a compound

  5. Chemical Bonds • Compounds are held together by chemical bonds. • There are two main types of chemical bonds: • Ionic Bonds • Covalent Bonds

  6. Types of Bonds • Ionic Bonds • Formed between metals and nonmetals • Forms positive and negative ions • Electrons are exchanged • Covalent Bonds • Formed between nonmetals and other nonmetals • Electrons are shared

  7. Solutions and Suspensions • Mixture—a material composed of 2 or more substances that are physically mixed (but NOT chemically combined) • Solution—a type of mixture where the molecules are evenly distributed • Suspension—a mixture where the particles are NOT completely dissolved

  8. Solutions • Solutions have two parts: • Solute—substance that is dissolved • Solvent—the liquid in which the solute dissolves

  9. pH Scale • The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 and shows the concentration of H+ ions. • The lower the pH, the more acidic the solution. (Acid = below 7) • The higher the pH, the more basic (alkaline) the solution. (Base = above 7)

  10. Acids and Bases • Pure water has a pH of 7, which is neutral. • Acids are compounds with more H+ ions than pure water. • pH of Strong Acid = 1 - 3 • pH of Weak Acid = 4 – 6.9 • Bases are compounds with more OH- ions than pure water. • pH of Strong Base = 11 - 14 • pH of Weak Base = 7.1 - 10

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