Unit III 1450-1750

1. Unit III 1450-1750 During this time period think Revolution, not just militarily speaking but ideas, science, arts, socially, politically and religiously. After the black death, wages rose, there was work for everyone and the increase for goods and serves rose This in turn rose a middle class of bankers, merchants and traders because of global trade

3. What else was different In the middle ages people were consumed with salvation and the afterlife As they began to rediscover the past (writings and philosophies of Greeks) they began to change to humanism: Emphasized participating in the here and now, personal accomplishment and personal happiness

4. "The Renaissance gave birth to the modern era, in that it was in this era that human beings first began to think of themselves as individuals. In the early Middle Ages, people had been happy to see themselves simply as parts of a greater whole � for example, as members of a great family, trade guild, nation, or Church. This communal consciousness of the Middle Ages gradually gave way to the individual consciousness of the Renaissance." � McGrath, Alister, In the Beginning, Anchor Books (2001), p.38.

5. Causes of the Renaissance Lessening of feudalism Church disrespected Nobility in chaos Growth of Middle Class through trade Fall of Constantinople Greek scholars fled to Italy Education Nostalgia among the Italians to recapture the glory of the Roman empire

6. Renaissance- means �rebirth� Families in Italy became powerful and rich through trade (Florence, Venice, and Milan) They would pay artist to show their wealth Michelangelo-Sistine Chapel, David Leonardo da Vinci-Mona Lisa, Last Supper

7. David, Michelangelo

8. Return to Rome Worked on tomb for Julius II Sistine Chapel

9. Italian Background Major city centers Venice: Republic ruled by oligarchy, Byzantine origins Milan: Visconti and Sforza families Florence (Tuscany): Republic ruled by the Medici Papal States: Ruled by the Pope Kingdom of Naples: King of Aragon

10. Italian Background Florence Medici's�family of physicians Money in banking Financed wool trade Became defacto rulers of Florence

11. The Renaissance Man Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519

12. Milan Last Supper Used new fresco method Built into the room's end Light from the side with the window Door cut below During WWII a bomb hit the monastery Destroyed by erosion

13. Mona Lisa The greatness of the Mona Lisa What do you see?

14. "'Those [artists] who are enamored of practice without science,' Leonardo explained, 'are like sailors who board a ship without rudder and compass, never having any certainty as to whither they go.'" � Isacoff, Stuart, Temperament, Vintage Books, 2001, p. 85.

15. Notebooks Coded Read R L with a mirror Scientific illustration Used science to support art

16. Anatomy

17. Military

18. Aeronautics

19. Technology Machines Hydraulics Vehicles on land Architecture Scientific method

20. Legacy Only 17 paintings Notebooks Drawings of unfinished works Diverted rivers to prevent flooding Principles of turbine Cartography Submarine Flying machine Parachute �And much more�.

21. Filippo Brunelleschi Il Duomo Cathedral�s dome (Florence)

22. St. Peter�s Architect for St. Peter�s

23. Filippo Brunelleschi Commissioned to build the cathedral dome Use unique architectural concepts Studied Pantheon Used ribs for support Structural elements have been copied on other buildings

24. Il Duomo St. Peter�s St. Paul�s US capital (Florence) (Rome) (London)

25. Early Renaissance Art What was different in the Renaissance: Realism Perspective Classical (pagan) themes Geometrical arrangement of figures Light and shadowing (chiaroscuro) Softening of edges (sfumato) Backgrounds Artist able to live from commissions

26. Western writers finally get readers Although the printing press was invented in China under the Song, it is invented in Europe in the mid 1400�s by Johannes Gutenberg Printing press brought widespread literacy Brought new thinking New philosophies New religions

27. Early Renaissance Niccol� Machiavelli

28. Machiavelli 1469-1527 Early life Grew up in Florence Bureaucrat for 14 years Diplomat under Lorenzo de Medici Part of the ruling council after Savonarola Put in prison and exiled when the Medici returned to power Tried but never regained favor Rejected by ensuing Republican governments

29. Machiavelli The Prince Written to the Medici family (while in exile) Handbook on how to be a prince Concepts and exploits of C�sare Borgia

30. What is the role of a prince? What should he do?

31. Summary of a Prince's Duties Maintain stability

32. Change is negative for stability "It must be considered that there is nothing more difficult to carry out, nor more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to handle, than to initiate a new order of things." � Machiavelli, Niccolo, quoted in Thorpe, Scott, How to Think Like Einstein, Barnes & Noble Books, Inc., 2000, p.172.

33. Summary of a Prince's Duties Maintain stability Minimize change

34. Non-Virtuous People �It now remains for us to see how a prince should govern his conduct towards his subjects or friends. ...The fact is that a man who wants to act virtuously in every way necessarily comes to grief among so many who are not virtuous. Therefore if a prince wants to maintain his rule he must learn how not to be virtuous, and to make use of this or not according to need.� � Machiavelli, The Prince

35. Summary of a Prince's Duties Maintain stability Minimize change Use virtue as required

36. Do what needs to be done �For there is such a difference between how men live and how they ought to live that he who abandons what is done for what ought to be done learns his destruction rather than his preservation, because any man who under all conditions insists on making it his business to be good will surely be destroyed among so many who are not good. Hence a prince, in order to hold his position, must acquire the power to be not good, and understand when to use it and when not to use it, in accord with necessity.� --Machiavelli, The Prince

37. Summary of a Prince's Duties Maintain stability Minimize change Use virtue as required Be good or not depending on the situation

38. Liberality causes problems �Since, then, a prince cannot, without harming himself make use of this virtue of liberality in such a way that it will be recognized, he does not worry, if he is prudent, about being called stingy.� --Machiavelli, The Prince

39. Summary of a Prince's Duties Maintain stability Minimize change Use virtue as required Be good or not depending on the situation Be liberal or stingy as required for the moment

40. Loved or Feared? �Is it better to be loved than feared, or the reverse? The answer is that it is desirable to be both, but because it is difficult to join them together, it is much safer for a prince to be feared than loved, if he is to fail in one of the two. Because we can say this about men in general: they are ungrateful, changeable, simulators and dissimulators, runaways in danger, eager for gain: while you do well by them they are all yours�� --Machiavelli, The Prince

41. Proper Use of Fear �Nevertheless, the wise prince makes himself feared in such a way that, if he does not gain love, he escapes hated; because to be feared and not to be hated can well be combined; this he will always achieve if he refrains from the property of his citizens and his subjects and from their women.� --Machiavelli, The Prince

42. Summary of a Prince's Duties Maintain stability Minimize change Use virtue as required Be good or not depending on the situation Be liberal or stingy as required for the moment Be loved and feared, but favor being feared

43. Danger of Openness �How praiseworthy a prince is who keeps his promises and lives with sincerity and not with trickery everybody realizes. Nevertheless, experience in our time shows that those princes have done great things who have valued their promises little, and who have understood how to addle the brains of men with trickery; and in the end they have vanquished those who have stood upon their honesty.� --Machiavelli, The Prince

44. Summary of a Prince's Duties Maintain stability Minimize change Use virtue as required Be good or not depending on the situation Be liberal or stingy as required for the moment Be loved and feared, but favor being feared Know when to keep a promise

45. Appearances are Useful �For a prince, then, it is not necessary actually to have all the above-mentioned qualities, but it is very necessary to appear to have them. Further, I shall be so bold as to say this: that if he has them and always practices them, they are harmful; and if he appears to have them, they are useful.� --Machiavelli, The Prince

46. Appearances are useful "Every one sees what you seem, but few know what you are." � Machiavelli, The Prince

47. Summary of a Prince's Duties Maintain stability Minimize change Use virtue as required Be good or not depending on the situation Be liberal or stingy as required for the moment Be loved and feared, but favor being feared Know when to keep a promise Appear to have good qualities

48. Adjust to Meet Circumstances �Therefore he must have a mind ready to turn in any direction as Fortunes� winds and the variability of affairs require, yet, as I said above, he holds to what is right when he can but knows how to do wrong when he must.� --Machiavelli, The Prince

49. Summary of a Prince's Duties Maintain stability Minimize change Use virtue as required Be good or not depending on the situation Be liberal or stingy as required for the moment Be loved and feared, but favor being feared Know when to keep a promise Appear to have good qualities Hold to right when possible but do wrong if required

50. Princes Must Maintain Authority "Wherefore if a Prince succeeds in establishing and maintaining his authority, the means will always be judged honorable and be approved by every one." � Machiavelli, The Prince

51. Summary of a Prince's Duties Maintain stability Minimize change Use virtue as required Be good or not depending on the situation Be liberal or stingy as required for the moment Be loved and feared, but favor being feared Know when to keep a promise Appear to have good qualities Hold to right when possible but do wrong if required Realize that the end will justify the means

52. Machiavelli (Summarized) What is the basis of Machiavellian thought? Should reality be accepted over the ideal? Is mankind inherently evil? Is it better to be feared or loved? Was Jesus feared or loved? Does the timeframe of government determine morality? Are Machiavellian principles acceptable?

53. The Reformation

54. Reformation Defined Emphasis on Humanism Recognition that the Catholic church needed change Period of change in religious thinking Protestant separation Creation of non-Catholic Christian churches

55. Catholic Church in 15th C End of the middle ages Babylonian captivity/Great Schism Return to Rome (re-build it) Schemes to collect money Payments for ordinances Alms for the dead Begging friars Tithe on land Corruption Moral decay Illiterate priests (no teachers) Money to monks (politicians)

56. Catholic Church in 15th C Wycliffe�England 12 conclusions (reforms) Translated Bible into English (later version by Tindale) Jan Hus�Bohemia

57. Martin Luther Personal commitment Professor of theology Conflict with personal sinfulness Indulgences Posted 95 theses (1517)

58. Martin Luther Debates with Eck Suppression by the Pope Refusal to submit Excommunication

59. �Unless I am proved wrong by scripture or by evident reason, then I am a prisoner in conscience to the word of God. I cannot retract and I will not retract. To go against the conscience is neither safe nor right. God help me. Amen.� Martin Luther

60. Martin Luther Published tracts Bible�German Lutheran Church established

61. "Luther translated the New Testament into German, choosing the dialect most likely to reach the greatest number. The gospels, if read by everybody, would prove him right. Hence the name of Evangelicals. It preceded and long prevailed over the accidental name of Protestants, which arose when some delegates protested against a tentative agreement with the Catholic partisans." � from Barzun, Jacques, From Dawn to Decadence, Perennial, 2000, p.10.

62. In response to his wife�s reproach for being too rude about the Catholic Church, Luther said, �A twig can be cut with a bread knife, but an oak calls for an axe.� � Luther

63. Martin Luther Religious Implications Pope did not speak for God Church and priesthood not necessary for salvation God�s grace given to all who seek it Political Consequences Peasant war Northern Europe became Protestant

64. Europe after the Reformation

65. Counter Reformation Jesuits Council of Trent

66. John Calvin, France Convert to Luther�s ideas Predestination Geneva looking for a Protestant leader Calvin established church/state government Moved away from Luther Teachings led to movements in other countries Protestant ethic

67. "Self-repression for the sake of freeing the spirit [as taught by Calvin] had other than strictly religious consequences. It resembles the ethos of the ancient Stoics, and we shall not be surprised to find their doctrine adopted as a living philosophy my many humanists in Calvin�s day and the century following... oddly enough, these ways of dealing with the self have in our day been believed to throw light on a complex economic questions: the rise of Capitalism... The capitalist system owes its birth and success to the moral teachings of the Reformers. The Protestant �work ethic� created the entrepreneur, the economic man as we know him under capitalism " � Barzun, Jacques, From Dawn to Decadence, Perennial, 2000, p36-37.

68. France Francis I Henry II Catherine d�Medici 3 sons: Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III St Bartholomew's Day Massacre End of Valois dynasty Henry of Navarre Bourbon dynasty Edict of Nantes (toleration)

69. England Henry VIII Dissent over divorce

70. "And if a man shall take his brother's wife, it is an unclean thing: he hath uncovered his brother's nakedness; they shall be childless." � Lev 20:21

71. England Henry VIII Dissent over divorce Thomas More Wives of Henry Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Edward VI Mary Tudor

72. Reformation and Renaissance Humanism opened the arts and sciences in the Renaissance Protestantism was mixed on humanism Plus = Importance of humankind in God's plan Minus = Predestination depreciates human ability Minus = Mankind is only a creature in God's presence Catholic remained focused on the church How does the LDS Church feel about humanism?

73. Scientific Awakening A directional change in thinking

74. Scientific Awakening Definition: Period of time when people began to define scientific method and apply it to search for truth

75. Basic Definitions Science: A process of understanding and organizing knowledge Described nature Technology: A combination of skills and creativity which are mastered in their environment Art and technology were identical

76. Scientific Awakening � Steps Merging science and technology Technology previously independent of science Use of mathematics Use of experimentation and inductive reasoning Science separated from philosophy Basic ancient truths were questioned Focus on physics, not ethics and metaphysics History viewed as progressive

77. Scientific Awakening (Overview)

78. Copernicus Realized the earth turns on an axis Proposed a solar centered system Book of Revolutions

79. Galileo Called the successor to Archimedes Study of pendulums Chandelier in a cathedral

80. Galileo�s Contributions Linked science and math with observation Established math as language of science

81. �Truth cannot be found in the book of Aristotle but in the book of Nature; and the book of Nature is written in the language of mathematics.� - Galileo

82. Galileo�s Contributions Linked science and math with observation Established math as language of science Engineering skills Manufacturing Music and art capabilities Optic developments Founded modern astronomy Secularized science

83. �God is the author of two great books�the book of scripture and the book of nature. These cannot be in conflict; so any apparent contradictions come from fallible human interpretations�Scripture is a book about how to go to heaven; not a book about how heaven goes.� - Galileo

84. �I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with sense, reason, and intellect has intended us to forgo their use.� - Galileo Galilei

85. Galileo�s Trial Court scientist to the Medici family Many discussions about Copernican theory Taught Copernican theory widely as truth Ordered by the church to teach it as a theory Wrote a book on the theory Three people discussing Court on defiance of previous church order Sentenced to house arrest and silence

86. Francis Bacon Court Chancellor Development of scientific method Died from pneumonia

87. Sensory perception (empirical knowledge) more reliable in examining the world than pure logic or theology. Manipulation of the world instead of just observation. Principle of cause and effect accepted as inviolate. Theory developed after experiments were interpreted. (Inductive reasoning given precedence over deductive reasoning.) Interpretation of data to be unbiased. Well supported and accepted theories become laws. Bacon�s Truths

88. Isaac Newton The greatest scientist who ever lived Disinterested student Time at the farm Cambridge�professor of math Never married Manic depressive

89. Isaac Newton Avoided publishing findings due to criticism Principia Mathematica Discovery of gravity Greatest scientific work Discoveries in math and optics Developed Calculus Introduced Modeling

90. �If I have seen further [than others], it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.� -Sir Isaac Newton

91. Consequences of Scientific Revolution Community of scientists formed Royal Society Papers were read and published Scientists subjected to critical audience Science accepted as the preferred method of getting "truth"

92. Church fights on two fronts It�s fighting the protestant reformation And it�s being challenged on scientific and mathematical grounds All of this challenges the Pope�s authority on theological grounds