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How to construct an evolutionary tree: Simplest way: the principle of parsimony Find the shortest number of evolutiona

How to construct an evolutionary tree: Simplest way: the principle of parsimony Find the shortest number of evolutionary steps to explain the differences between species. Example: an evolutionary tree for mammals Here is an unparsimonious evolutionary tree:

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How to construct an evolutionary tree: Simplest way: the principle of parsimony Find the shortest number of evolutiona

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  1. How to construct an evolutionary tree: Simplest way: the principle of parsimony Find the shortest number of evolutionary steps to explain the differences between species.

  2. Example: an evolutionary tree for mammals Here is an unparsimonious evolutionary tree: Chicken Bat Platypus Cat Kangaroo lays eggs live birth, lays eggs live birth, live birth placenta placenta

  3. Example: an evolutionary tree for mammals Here is a parsimonious evolutionary tree: Chicken Platypus Kangaroo Bat Cat lays eggs lays eggs live birth live birth live birth placenta placenta

  4. We can use an outgroup to decide which traits are ancestral and which are derived. Chicken Platypus Kangaroo Bat Cat lays eggs lays eggs live birth live birth live birth placenta placenta

  5. You can figure out how to build the tree by finding shared derived characteristics. Chicken Platypus Kangaroo Bat Cat lays eggs lays eggs live birth live birth live birth placenta placenta

  6. Look for shared derived characteristics Foot pads Feathery antennae

  7. Look for shared derived characteristics Long proboscis (mouth parts)

  8. Look for shared derived characteristics Broken stripes on abdomen

  9. Construct the evolutionary tree

  10. Construct the evolutionary tree

  11. Construct the evolutionary tree

  12. Construct the evolutionary tree

  13. broken stripes on abdomen long proboscis foot pads feathery antennae apricot eyes 5th bristle

  14. Same thing, but with DNA: ACTAAGT ACTAAGT ACGAAGT ACGTCGT AGGTCGT ACGTACT ACGTACG

  15. #6 C to G #4 T to A #3 G to T #5 A to C #1 A to C #2 C to G CCTAAGT ACTAAGT ACGAAGT ACGTCGT AGGTCGT ACGTACT ACGTACG

  16. erecta T G T C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T G melanogaster T G C C T C A T T G T C C T G A G C T A orena T G T C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C T G simulans T G C C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C T A teissieri T A C C A C G T A G T C A T G A G T T A yakuba T G C C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T T A ananassae T G C C T C A A A G T C A T G A C C T A (outgroup) green is ancestral

  17. erecta TG T C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T G melanogaster TG C C T C A T T G T C C T G A G C T A orena TG T C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C T G simulans TG C C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C T A teissieri TA C C A C G T A G T C A T G A G T T A yakuba TG C C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T T A ananassae TG C C T C A A A G T C A T G A C C T A (outgroup) green is ancestral, red is derived

  18. erecta TGT C A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T G melanogaster TGC C T C A T T G T C C T G A G C T A orena TGT C A C A G A G T C A T G A G C T G simulans TGC C T C A T A G T C C T C A G C T A teissieri TAC C A C G T A G T C A T G A G T T A yakuba TGC C A C G T A G C C A T G A G T T A ananassae TGC C T C A A A G T C A T G A C C T A (outgroup) green is ancestral, red is derived

  19. erecta TGTC A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T G melanogaster TGCC T C A TT G T C C T G A G C T A orena TGTC A C A G A G T C A T G A G C T G simulans TGCC T C A T A G T C C T C A G C T A teissieri TACC A C GT A G T C A T G A GT T A yakuba TGCC A C GT A G C C A T G A GT T A ananassae TGCC T C A A A G T C A T G A C C T A (outgroup) green is ancestral, red is derived

  20. erecta TGTC A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T G melanogaster TGCC T C A TT G T C C T G A G C T A orena TGTC A C A G A G T C A T G A G C T G simulans TGCC T C A T A G T C C T C A G C T A teissieri TACC A C GT A G T C A T G A GT T A yakuba TGCC A C GT A G C C A T G A GT T A ananassae TGCC T C A A A G T C A T G A C C T A

  21. erecta TGTC A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T G melanogaster TGCC T C A TT G T C C T G A G C T A orena TGTC A C A G A G T C A T G A G C T G simulans TGCC T C A T A G T C C T C A G C T A teissieri TACC A C GT A G T C A T G A GT T A yakuba TGCC A C GT A G C C A T G A GT T A ananassae TGCC T C A A A G T C A T G A C C T A ananassae erecta orena teissieri yakuba simulans melanogaster

  22. erecta TGTC A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T G melanogaster TGCC T C A TT G T C C T G A G C T A orena TGTC A C A G A G T C A T G A G C T G simulans TGCC T C A T A G T C C T C A G C T A teissieri TACC A C GT A G T C A T G A GT T A yakuba TGCC A C GT A G C C A T G A GT T A ananassae TGCC T C A A A G T C A T G A C C T A ananassae erecta orena teissieri yakuba simulans melanogaster

  23. erecta TGTC A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T G melanogaster TGCC T C A TT G T C C T G A G C T A orena TGTC A C A G A G T C A T G A G C T G simulans TGCC T C A T A G T C C T C A G C T A teissieri TACC A C GT A G T C A T G A GT T A yakuba TGCC A C GT A G C C A T G A GT T A ananassae TGCC T C A A A G T C A T G A C C T A ananassae erecta orena teissieri yakuba simulans melanogaster

  24. erecta TGTC A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T G melanogaster TGCC T C A TT G T C C T G A G C T A orena TGTC A C A G A G T C A T G A G C T G simulans TGCC T C A T A G T C C T C A G C T A teissieri TACC A C GT A G T C A T G A GT T A yakuba TGCC A C GT A G C C A T G A GT T A ananassae TGCC T C A A A G T C A T G A C C T A ananassae erecta orena teissieri yakuba simulans melanogaster

  25. erecta TGTC A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T G melanogaster TGCC T C A TT G T C C T G A G C T A orena TGTC A C A G A G T C A T G A G C T G simulans TGCC T C A T A G T C C T C A G C T A teissieri TACC A C GT A G T C A T G A GT T A yakuba TGCC A C GT A G C C A T G A GT T A ananassae TGCC T C A A A G T C A T G A C C T A ananassae erecta orena teissieri yakubamelanogaster simulans

  26. erecta TGTC A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T G melanogaster TGCC T C A TT G T C C T G A G C T A orena TGTC A C A G A G T C A T G A G C T G simulans TGCC T C A T A G T C C T C A G C T A teissieri TACC A C GT A G T C A T G A GT T A yakuba TGCC A C GT A G C C A T G A GT T A ananassae TGCC T C A A A G T C A T G A C C T A ananassae erecta orena teissieri yakubamelanogaster simulans

  27. erecta TGTC A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T G melanogaster TGCC T C A TT G T C C T G A G C T A orena TGTC A C A G A G T C A T G A G C T G simulans TGCC T C A T A G T C C T C A G C T A teissieri TACC A C GT A G T C A T G A GT T A yakuba TGCC A C GT A G C C A T G A GT T A ananassae TGCC T C A A A G T C A T G A C C T A ananassae erecta orena teissieri yakubamelanogaster simulans

  28. erecta TGTC A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T G melanogaster TGCC T C A TT G T C C T G A G C T A orena TGTC A C A G A G T C A T G A G C T G simulans TGCC T C A T A G T C C T C A G C T A teissieri TACC A C GT A G T C A T G A GT T A yakuba TGCC A C GT A G C C A T G A GT T A ananassae TGCC T C A A A G T C A T G A C C T A ananassae erecta orena teissieri yakubamelanogaster simulans

  29. erecta TGTC A C A T A G T A A T G A G C T G melanogaster TGCC T C A TT G T C C T G A G C T A orena TGTC A C A G A G T C A T G A G C T G simulans TGCC T C A T A G T C C T C A G C T A teissieri TACC A C GT A G T C A T G A GT T A yakuba TGCC A C GT A G C C A T G A GT T A ananassae TGCC T C A A A G T C A T G A C C T A ananassae erecta orena teissieri yakubamelanogaster simulans

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