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Kenneth L. Pike

Kenneth L. Pike. Phonemics. Phonemes / / Abstract contrastive units in a language Never pronounced Realized by one or more allophones Allophone [ ] Sound units that are a physical reality Always pronounced Variation of a phoneme. Two possibilities. Allophones of separate phonemes

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Kenneth L. Pike

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  1. Kenneth L. Pike

  2. Phonemics • Phonemes / / • Abstract contrastive units in a language • Never pronounced • Realized by one or more allophones • Allophone [ ] • Sound units that are a physical reality • Always pronounced • Variation of a phoneme

  3. Two possibilities • Allophones of separate phonemes /t/ /th/ [t] [th] • Allophones of the same phoneme /t/ [t] [th]

  4. Allophones of separate phonemes • Proof • Minimal pair • “sip” and “zip” /s/ /z/ [s] [z]

  5. Allophones of separate phonemes • Are [h] and [?] allophones of separate phonemes? [kahon] “box” [?umagos] “to flow” [humagos] “to paint” [ka?on] “to fetch” • YES /h/ /?/ [h] [?]

  6. Allophones of separate phonemes • Are [p] and [b] allophones of separate phonemes? [peso] “(monetary unit)” [beso] “kiss” [kompa] “mate” [komba] “skipping” • YES /p/ /b/ [p] [b]

  7. Allophones of the same phoneme • Proof • Complementary distribution • The allophones never occur in the same environment /the man/ [bus driver] [security guard]

  8. Allophones of the same phoneme • Are [t] and [th] allophones of the same phoneme in English? • YES /t/ [t] [th] • But what about in Hindi?

  9. [t] and [th] in Hindi [tal] “beat” [thal] “plate” • Allophones of separate phonemes /t/ /th/ [t] [th]

  10. Different mappings • English /t/ [t] [th] • Hindi /t/ /th/ [t] [th]

  11. How to do phonemic analysis • Examine your data • The question will ask about certain sounds; pay special attention to those sounds. Don’t get confused by extra data. Pronounce each item. • Look for minimal pairs involving those sounds • If you find one, you can conclude that the sounds are allophones of separate phonemes • If there are no minimal pairs, list the environments in which each sound occurs • If they never occur in the same environment, you can conclude that they are allophones of the same phoneme

  12. Greek • Are [k] and [x] allophones of the same phoneme or allophones of separate phonemes? [kano] “do” [kori] “daughter” [xori] “dances” [xrima] “money” [xano] “lose” [xufta] “handful” [krima] “shame” [kufeta] “bonbons” [ceri] “candle” [kali] “charms”

  13. Conclusion • [k] and [x] are allophones of separate phonemes /k/ /x/ [k] [k]

  14. Sango • Are [r] and [l] allophones of the same phoneme or allophones of separate phonemes? [tere] “body” [kiri] “return” [wali] “woman” [wara] “like” [koli] “man” [nila] “then” [gere] “leg” [doli] “elephant”

  15. List the environments [r] [l] e___e a___i e___e o___i i___i o___i a___a i___a

  16. Conclusion • [r] and [l] are allophones of the same phoneme /l/ [r] [l]

  17. Other considerations • Suspicious pairs • Consider only “suspicious” pairs that have some features in common • Free variation • Common in all languages

  18. Phonetic reality filtered by your phonemic grid

  19. Phonetic reality filtered by your phonemic grid

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