Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder

1. American Journal of Physics and Applications 2015; 3(6): 215-220 Published online December 21, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajpa) doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20150306.15 ISSN: 2330-4286 (Print); ISSN: 2330-4308 (Online) Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1, Rama Mohan Tallapragada1, Alice Branton1, Dahryn Trivedi1, Gopal Nayak1, Omprakash Latiyal2, Snehasis Jana2, * 1Trivedi Global Inc., Henderson, USA 2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India Email address: publication@trivedisrl.com (S. Jana) To cite this article: Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana. Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder. American Journal of Physics and Applications. Vol. 3, No. 6, 2015, pp. 215-220. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20150306.15 Abstract: Manganese sulfide (MnS) is known for its wide applications in solar cell, opto-electronic devices, and photochemical industries. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the atomic and physical properties of MnS. The MnS powder sample was equally divided into two parts, referred as to be control and to be treated. The treated part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment. After that, both control and treated samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The XRD data revealed that the biofield energy treatment has altered the lattice parameter, unit cell volume, density, and molecular weight of the treated MnS sample as compared to the control. The crystallite size on various planes was significantly changed from -50.0% to 33.3% in treated sample as compared to the control. The FT-IR analysis exhibited that the absorption band attributed to Mn-S stretching vibration was reduced from (634 cm-1) to 613 cm-1 in treated MnS as compared to the control. Besides, the ESR study revealed that g-factor was reduced by 3.3% in the treated sample as compared to the control. Therefore, the biofield energy treated MnS could be applied for the use in solar cell and semiconductor applications. Keywords: Manganese Sulfide, Biofield Energy Treatment, X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier transform Infrared, Electron Spin Resonance considerable effort has been made by researchers to modify the crystalline phases and surface morphologies of MnS [11, 12]. Veeramanikandasamy et al. had modified the microstructure and optical properties of MnS using different Mn/S ratio [13]. Further, Shi et al. had studied the effect of hydrothermal annealing on the structure, morphology and optical properties of MnS films [14]. However, all these process are very complex and costly, thus an economically viable approach is needed to modify the MnS with respect to physical and atomic properties. Recently, the biofield energy treatment have gained significant attention due to its potential effect on various living and non-living things [15, 16]. It is well established that the energy can be transferred from one place to another place using several scientific techniques. Further, it exists in various forms such as thermal, electric, kinetic, nuclear, etc. The living organisms are exchanging their energy with the environment for their 1. Introduction Manganese chalcogenides MnX (X = O, S, Se, Te) are known for their interesting electronic structure and magneto- optical properties. The variable oxidation states and less toxicity of these compounds make them promising materials in wide range of application [1]. The Manganese sulfide (MnS), a part of manganese chalcogenides family, is a wide band semiconductor with an energy band gap of 3.1 eV. It usually exist in three forms as α- MnS, β- MnS, and γ-MnS [2-4]. The MnS is used in various application such as solar cell, opto-electronic devices, and photochemical materials [5, 6]. Currently, it is synthesized using various methods including hydrothermal method [7, 8], chemical bath deposition [9], solvothermal synthesis [10], etc. For industrial applications, the crystal structure, physical and atomic properties of MnS play an important role. Further, a

2. 216 Mahendra Kumar Trivedi et al.: Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder 2.2. FT-IR Spectroscopy health maintenance [17]. Moreover, a human has the capability to harness environment/Universe and transmit it to any object around the Globe. The object(s) receive the energy and respond in a useful way that is called biofield energy, and this process is known as biofield energy treatment. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) has recommended the use of alternative CAM therapies (e.g. healing therapy) in the healthcare sector [18]. Moreover, Mr. Trivedi’s unique biofield energy treatment (The Trivedi Effect®) had been extensively studied in materials science [19]. It has substantially altered the atomic, physical and thermal properties in metals [20, 21] and ceramics [22]. Thus, after considering the effect of biofield energy treatment on metals and ceramics, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of this treatment on the atomic and physical properties of the MnS using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). the energy from the The FT-IR analysis of control and treated MnS was accomplished on Shimadzu’s Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Japan). The spectra was obtained with frequency range of 4000-500 cm-1. The purpose of the FT-IR analysis was to study the impact of biofield energy treatment on dipole moment, force constant and bond strength in the MnS. 2.3. ESR Spectroscopy The ESR analysis of control and treated MNS samples was carried out using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), E-112 ESR Spectrometer, Varian, USA. The X-band microwave frequency (9.5 GHz), with sensitivity of 5 x 1010, ∆H spins was used for the ESR study. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. XRD Study 2. Materials and Methods The XRD technique is a quantitative and non-destructive technique, which is commonly used to study the crystal structure and its parameters of a compound. Fig. 1 shows the XRD diffractograms of control and treated MnS samples. The control MnS sample showed the intensive XRD peaks at Bragg’s angle (2θ) 29.56°, 34.80°, 49.28°, and 61.44°, which were corresponded to the crystalline plane (111), (200), (220), and (222) of cubic crystal structure according to joint committee on powder diffraction standards (JCPDS) card no. 06-0518.[23]. Further, the treated MnS sample exhibited the crystalline peaks at lower Bragg’s angle 29.53°, 34.25°, 49.26°, and 61.40° corresponding to planes (111), (200), (220), and (222) respectively, as compared to the control. It was reported that the internal strain leads to shift the XRD pattern toward lower Bragg’s angles. Thus, it is possible that the energy transferred through biofield treatment may provide the stress in the MnS sample and that might be responsible for the internal strain in treated MnS sample. Moreover, the crystallite sizes (G) computed using Scherrer equation (G = kλ/bcosθ) is presented in Table 1. The data showed that the crystallite size on crystalline peak (111) was increased from 107 nm (control) to 142.6 nm in the treated MnS sample. However, the crystallite sizes on most intense planes (200) and (220) were reduced from 144.6 nm and 227.7 nm (control) to 86.6 and 113.8 nm, respectively, in treated MnS sample. It indicates that the crystallite size was significantly reduced by 40.1 and 50.0% on planes (200) and (220), respectively as compared to the control (Fig 2). Nevertheless, the crystallite size was remained same in control and treated MnS sample on crystalline plane (222). It was reported that presence of internal strain leads to fracture the crystallite into sub-crystallites [24]. Due to this, the crystallite size of treated MnS might reduce along some crystalline planes. Besides, the crystal structure parameters of MnS sample were computed using PowderX software and presented in Table 2. The data exhibited that the lattice The MnS powder was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA. The MnS powder sample was divided in two groups: to be control and to be treated. The control sample was remained as untreated, while the treated sample was in sealed pack, handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield energy treatment under standard laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated sample without touching the sample. The control and treated MnS samples were analyzed using XRD, FT-IR, and ESR techniques. 2.1. XRD Study The Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system was used to perform the XRD analysis of control and treated MnS samples. From the XRD system, the data was obtained in the form of a table containing Bragg angles, the peak intensity counts, relative intensity (%), d-spacing value (Å), and full width half maximum (FWHM) (θ°) for each peak. After that, the PowderX software was used to calculate the crystal structure parameters such as lattice parameter, and unit cell volume of the control and treated samples. Also, the Scherrer equation was used to compute the crystallite size on various planes as below equation 1: ?? ??????????? ???? ??? = ? ???? (1) Here, k is equipment constant (=0.94), λ =1.54056 Å, and b is full width half maximum (FWHM). After that, the percentage change in G was calculated using following formula equation 2: ????? ?? ??????? ?ℎ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ??? = × 100 (2) Where, Gc and Gt are the crystallite size of control and treated MnS samples respectively.

3. American Journal of Physics and Applications 2015; 3(6): 215-220 217 parameter of unit cell was increased from 5.225Å (control) to 5.228Å in treated MnS sample. The increase in lattice parameter of unit cell was supported by the shifting of the XRD peaks toward lower Bragg angle [25]. In addition, the increase in lattice parameter in treated MnS samples led to increase the unit cell volume from 14.27 ×10-23 cm3 (control) to 14.29 ×10-23 cm3. It is well known that the unit cell volume and its density are inversely related. Thus, the increase in unit cell volume led to reduce the density from 4.084 g/cc (control) to 4.078 g/cc. However, the molecular weight was increased from 87.66 g/mol (control) to 87.79 g/mol in treated MnS. Thus, the above results suggested that the biofield energy treatment probably acted at atomic level to cause these modifications. It is supposed that the energy transferred through biofield treatment could be in the form of the neutrinos, which probably acted at nuclear level to cause these alterations. Besides, Girish et al. reported that the energy band gap of MnS is directly related with its crystallite size and lattice strain [26]. Thus, the change in crystallite size and lattice strain in treated MnS may lead to alter its energy band gap. It is assumed that the biofield energy treatment could be used to modify the optical properties of MnS for solar cell and semiconductor applications. However, further study is required to confirm the actual change in optical properties of MnS after biofield energy treatment. Fig. 1. X-ray diffractogram of manganese sulfide nanopowder. Table 1. Effect of biofield energy treatment on crystallite size of manganese sulfide nanopowder. Table 2. Effect of biofield energy treatment on lattice parameter, unit cell volume density atomic weight, nuclear charge per unit volume of manganese sulfide nanopowder. Control 2 θ (°) 29.56 Treated Lattice parameter (Å) 5.2257 5.2283 Unit cell volume (×10-23 cm3) 14.270 14.292 Molecular weight (g/mol) 87.660 87.792 Plane (hkl) Density (g/cc) FWHM (°) 0.08 G (nm) 107.0 FWHM (°) 0.06 Group 2 θ (°) G (nm) Control Treated 4.084 4.078 111 29.53 142.6 200 34.80 0.06 144.6 34.25 0.10 86.6 220 49.28 0.04 227.7 49.26 0.08 113.8 3.2. FT-IR Spectroscopy 222 61.44 0.08 120.4 61.40 0.08 120.4 The FT-IR spectra of control and treated MnS samples are presented in Fig. 3. The spectra showed the absorption bands at 3439 cm-1 and 3450 cm-1 in control and treated sample, respectively, attributing to –OH stretching vibration. The bending vibrations of O-H were found at 1642 cm-1 and 1648 cm-1 in control and treated samples respectively. It could be due to moisture absorption by the sample [27]. Furthermore, the control sample showed the absorption band at 634 cm-1 which was corresponded to Mn-S stretching vibrations. However, in treated MnS sample, the absorption band attributing to Mn-S stretching vibrations was shifted to lower wavenumber i.e. 613 cm-1 [28]. It was reported that the wavenumber ( #$? is directly related to the bond force constant (k) as following equation 3 below [29]: 2 θ is Bragg angle, FWHM is full width half maximum of peaks, and G is crystallite size Fig. 2. The percent change in crystallite size of manganese sulfide powder after biofield energy treatment. % ? ) (3) #$ = &'?(

4. 218 Mahendra Kumar Trivedi et al.: Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder Fig. 3. FT-IR spectra of manganese sulfide nanopowder.

5. American Journal of Physics and Applications 2015; 3(6): 215-220 219 Here, µ is the effective mass of atoms, which form the bond and c is the speed of light (3×108 m/s). The equation inferred that the reduction of bond force constant can lead to shift the absorption wavenumber toward lower side. Previously, our group reported that biofield energy treatment has altered the bond length of Ti-O bond in barium titanate [30]. Based on this, it is assumed that the bond force constant of Mn-S bond probably increased after biofield energy treatment. Further, it is possible that the energy transferred through biofield energy treatment probably acted on the atomic bonding level to cause these modifications. Besides, the XRD data showed that the lattice parameter of Mn-S unit cell was increased in treated sample as compared to control. It implied that the distance between two atoms was increased in the treated sample. Due to this, the bond length of the Mn-S bond might be increased in treated sample, as compared to the control. It is well known that the bond length of any bond is inversely proportional to the bond force constant. Thus, the increase in Mn-S bond length may lead to reduce the bond force constant. lattice parameter, unit cell volume, density, and molecular weight of the treated MnS sample as compared to the control. The alteration in molecular weight could be due to the interaction of biofield energy with the neutron and proton of the MnS nucleus. The crystallite size on crystalline plane (220) was reduced upto 50% in the treated sample as compared to the control. The change in crystallite size may alter the energy band gap of MnS. Besides, the FT-IR analysis revealed that the absorption band attributed to Mn-S stretching vibration was reduced from 634 cm-1 (control) to 613 cm-1 in the treated MnS as compared to the control. It may be due to reduction of bond force constant in MnS through biofield energy treatment. In addition, biofield energy treatment has reduced the g-factor by 3.3% (2.162→2.090) in the treated sample as compared to the control. Thus, above data suggested that biofield energy treatment has considerable impact on the atomic and physical properties of MnS. Therefore, the biofield energy treatment could be applied to modify the atomic and physical properties of MnS for the solar cell and semiconductor industries. 3.3. ESR Spectroscopy Acknowledgments The ESR spectroscopy is widely used to determine the paramagnetic behavior, to detect the presence of unpaired electrons and vacancies in the compounds. The ESR analysis result of control and treated MnS is illustrated in Table 3. The data showed the g-factor of 2.162 in the control sample due to the presence of unpaired electron present in Mn+2. However, g-factor was reduced to 2.090 in the treated MnS sample. It indicates that the g-factor was reduced by 3.3% in the treated sample as compared to the control. The g-factor is related to the angular momentum of the unpaired electrons. Thus it is assumed that the biofield energy treatment probably altered the angular momentum of the electron spin. Further, it was also found that the ESR signal width was reduced by 12.9% in the treated sample as compared to the control. It indicated that Mn electrons subjected to the narrow spin–orbit interaction, which might be the responsible for the reduction of ESR signal width [31]. In addition, the signal height was also reduced by 16.7% in the treated sample as compared to the control. Therefore, ESR results suggested that the energy transferred through biofield treatment probably interact with electron to cause these modification at atomic level. Authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of sciences for supporting in analyzing the XRD data using Powder-X software. The authors would also like to thank Trivedi Science, Trivedi Master Wellness and Trivedi Testimonials for their support during the work. References [1]Beltran-Huarac J, Resto O, Carpena-Nuñez J, Jadwisienczak WM, Fonseca LF, et al. (2014) Single-Crystal γ‑MnS Nanowires Conformally Coated with Carbon. Appl Mater Interfaces 6: 1180-1186. [2]Okajima M, Tohda T (1992) Heteroepitaxial growth of MnS on GaAs substrates. J Cryst Growth 117: 810–815. [3]Goede O, Heimbrodt WH, Weinhold V (1986) Luminescence and excitation spectroscopy of MnS thin films. Phys Status Solidi B 136: K49-K54. [4]Kennedy SW, Harris K, Summerville E (1980) Mechanisms of thermal transformation of zinc blende to [NaCl] in MnS crystals. J Solid State Chem 31: 355-359. Table 3. ESR analysis result of manganese sulfide nanopowder. 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