Energy

Slide 1:Energy

Slide 2:Energy Biomass (fuel wood) Very low power-to-weight ratio High transportation costs Heath effects: respiratory illnesses Human and Animal Power Low power-to-weight ratio High �storage� costs Health effects (human labor, waste) Coal Costly to extract Health effect: smoke Oil Overall improved overall air quality over coal High power-to-weight ratio (makes auto and air transportation possible) Natural Gas Cleaner than oil High transportation costs

Slide 3:Global Energy Use Three fuels _oil, coal and natural gas provide 83% of the US�s energy, and 79% of the worlds. Three fuels _oil, coal and natural gas provide 83% of the US�s energy, and 79% of the worlds.

Slide 4:Energy Generation 1nd Law of Thermodynamics - energy cannot be created or destroyed; rather, the amount of energy lost in a steady state process cannot be greater than the amount of energy gained. Primary vs. Secondary energy About 33% of fossil fuel production used to produce electricity Turbines convert energy from mechanical to electrical Some energy is used in the conversion of primary to secondary sources (~ 1 unit of electricity for every 3 units of primary) Primary energy = direct use, or source for secondary energy sources (electricity). Primary energy sources include hydrological, oil, coal, nuclear. Most common turbine is steam-powered Primary energy = direct use, or source for secondary energy sources (electricity). Primary energy sources include hydrological, oil, coal, nuclear. Most common turbine is steam-powered

Slide 5:Demand and Supply Supply is typically through a �pool� of suppliers who use a similar electricity grid Electricity cannot be stored effectively, so supply needs to be able to be adjusted to meet demand Demand fluctuates according to time of the day (regular fluctuation) and seasonal changes (irregular fluctuations) When demand is greater than supply brownouts (reduced voltage) or blackouts (loss of power) One of the early selling points of electronic cars, is that they could recharge at night when demand is typically low Seasonal changes most difficult to predict, and during heat waves demand can be especially high leading to brown and blackouts US is near capacity with reserve capacity down from 25% to 15%. Reserve capacity is meet by additionally smaller power generating plants that can be turned on when demanded. One of the early selling points of electronic cars, is that they could recharge at night when demand is typically low Seasonal changes most difficult to predict, and during heat waves demand can be especially high leading to brown and blackouts US is near capacity with reserve capacity down from 25% to 15%. Reserve capacity is meet by additionally smaller power generating plants that can be turned on when demanded.

Slide 6:Energy Sources and Use Matching source to use. Note where coal and nuclear go. If Nuclear were increased in the US, what would you expect to have happen? Why is there lower energy efficiency in the top tier compared to the lower one? Matching source to use. Note where coal and nuclear go. If Nuclear were increased in the US, what would you expect to have happen? Why is there lower energy efficiency in the top tier compared to the lower one?

Slide 7:Oil Renewable� but current rate of use is 1,000 yrs to equal 1 day�s use. Considered non-renewable. US is self-sufficient for about 40% of oil use Extraction intensity follows directly from the value of oil Estimated oil supplies will begin to decline in �about 20 yrs� (at 2002 prices), although demand will continue to increase as developing countries demand more energy Extraction intensity follows directly from the value of reserves (low value may justify 25% of oil extracted, higher value up to 60%) Estimates of future oil supplies depend on value per barrel. While it might increase the amount produced, there will still be the overall economic effect. Extraction intensity follows directly from the value of reserves (low value may justify 25% of oil extracted, higher value up to 60%) Estimates of future oil supplies depend on value per barrel. While it might increase the amount produced, there will still be the overall economic effect.

Slide 8:Source: PBS website Extraction intensity follows directly from the value of reserves (low value may justify 25% of oil extracted, higher value up to 60%) Estimates of future oil supplies depend on value per barrel. While it might increase the amount produced, there will still be the overall economic effect. Extraction intensity follows directly from the value of reserves (low value may justify 25% of oil extracted, higher value up to 60%) Estimates of future oil supplies depend on value per barrel. While it might increase the amount produced, there will still be the overall economic effect.

Slide 9: Source: PBS website Extraction intensity follows directly from the value of reserves (low value may justify 25% of oil extracted, higher value up to 60%) Estimates of future oil supplies depend on value per barrel. While it might increase the amount produced, there will still be the overall economic effect. Extraction intensity follows directly from the value of reserves (low value may justify 25% of oil extracted, higher value up to 60%) Estimates of future oil supplies depend on value per barrel. While it might increase the amount produced, there will still be the overall economic effect.

Slide 10:Alternatives Coal Supply could last for 250 yrs But�high particulate matter and CO2 emissions Environmental impact of extraction Coal fires emit almost as much CO2 as auto transport in the US Synfuels offer conversion technology, but not economically feasible, yet Coal Shales and Sands Offer additional supply but high extraction costs

Slide 11:Policy Approaches Supply-side = increases the amount of oil extracted Demand-side = decreases the use of oil as energy Currently, National Energy Policy Report is primarily focused on supply side Currently, National Energy Policy Report is focused on demand side Use of ANWR Streamlining permit process for drilling Additional tax incentives for fossil fuel and nuclear technology Expansion of coal plants for electric power Increased support for Hydrogen fuel cell cars Currently, National Energy Policy Report is focused on demand side Use of ANWR Streamlining permit process for drilling Additional tax incentives for fossil fuel and nuclear technology Expansion of coal plants for electric power Increased support for Hydrogen fuel cell cars

Slide 12:Demand-side Policy - Conservation CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) CHP (Combined Heat and Power) Co-generation plants De-regulation and increased competition Increased power efficiency standards on appliances, lighting, CAF� standards � Corporate Average Fuel Economy. Auto 27.5 mpg, if raised to a 40 mpg by 2012 could mean a 20% reduction in demand for oil. CHP- Co-generation plants avoid loss of energy in the conversion of power source to electricity. Use of heat energy for buildings, combined-cycle natural gas , two turbines, one natural gas and second steam. 1:3 to a 1:2. Deregulation and increased competition. CAF� standards � Corporate Average Fuel Economy. Auto 27.5 mpg, if raised to a 40 mpg by 2012 could mean a 20% reduction in demand for oil. CHP- Co-generation plants avoid loss of energy in the conversion of power source to electricity. Use of heat energy for buildings, combined-cycle natural gas , two turbines, one natural gas and second steam. 1:3 to a 1:2. Deregulation and increased competition.