Agriscience 1 Plant Science

1. Agriscience 1 Plant Science Plant Growth

3. Objective 1: Describe the functions of external plant parts.Seed A seed is the reproductive unit resulting from sexual propagation. It has the capability to produce a new plant like the original plant, which produced it. A seed is made of three parts: Embryo – the new plant which results from the fusion of gametes. It has two growing points; one for a shoot and one for a root. Endosperm – tissue containing nutrients for the embryo. Seed covering – they protect the seed from injury and drying out.

4. Objective 1 Describe the functions of external plant parts. Seed

5. Germination – a seed sprouting and staring to grow

6. The root system is often the largest part of the plant and is responsible for absorbing nutrients and water. They also anchor the plant. There are two major root systems: Taproot system – one major root that grows straight down with few branches. Ex. Carrots

7. Fibrous root system – is a shallow root system with many branches. Ex. Grasses

8. Other root systems include tuberous root systems; which are for storage. Root hairs are responsible for the absorption of nutrients and water into the plant.

9. Objective 1 Describe the functions of external plant parts. STEMS THE STEM’S FUNCTION IS TO TRANSPORT WATER, NUTRIENTS, AND FOOD. SUPPORT THE LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT. THERE ARE TWO GROUPS OF STEMS: ABOVE GROUND STEMS TOUGH WITH BARK HERBACEOUS STEMS - GREEN STEMS W/O BARK THAT CANNOT TAKE COLD TEMPERATURE. "MODIFIED STEMS" HAVE SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS: BULB - ONIONS CORMS - GLADIOLUS RHIZOMES- JOHNSON GRASS STOLON - BERMUDA GRASS TUBERS - IRISH POTATO

10. Three important stem parts are: Xylem - carry water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves. Phloem - carry food from the leaves to the roots. Pith - central part of the stem where food (starch) is stored. Objective 1 Describe the functions of external plant parts. STEMS

12. Terminal bud - a bud at the tip of a stem responsible for terminal growth. Axillary bud or lateral bud - buds along side the axis of a stem; once they grow and form a stem they become terminal buds. Flower bud - a bud containing the floral meristem which develops into flowers Node - part of the stem marking point of attachment of leaves, buds and other stems. Internode - the part of the stem between the nodes. Lenticel - rough areas on stems (and some fruits, ex. apple) where loosely packed cells extend from the cortex through the ruptured epidermis; they function as breathing pores for gas exchange. Bud - an underdeveloped and unelongated stem composed of a short axis with compressed internodes , a meristematic apex, and primordial leaves and/or flowers. Objective 1 Describe the functions of external plant parts. STEM TERMS

13. Objective 1 Describe the functions of external plant parts. STEMS

14. A leaf consists of a petiole and a blade. The blade is the wide flat portion and the petiole is the stem of the leaf. Margin – plants are identified by edge, comma, and arrangement of the leaves. The leaf margins named according to toothed pattern on each leaf edge. A simple leaf is single blade arising from a petiole. A compound leaf is a leaf with more than one blade (leaflets) attached to a petiole. Objective 1 Describe the functions of external plant parts. LEAVES

15. Objective 1 Describe the functions of external plant parts. LEAVES

16. Objective 1 Describe the functions of external plant parts. LEAVES

17. The primary function of a leaf is to produce food in the form of sugars and carbohydrates. all leaves have three tissues in common: Epidermis – it protects the leaf and control the flow of gases. Palisade cells - contain chloraplast (with chlorophyll for food production) and give the leaf strength. Veins - move water, nutrients, and food in the leaf.. Objective 1 Describe the functions of external plant parts. LEAVES

18. Objective 1 Describe the functions of external plant parts. LEAVES

19. Objective 1 Describe the functions of external plant parts. LEAVES

20. Objective 1 Describe the functions of external plant parts. LEAVES

21. Modifications to stems and leaves

22. The meristematic tissues are the growing regions of the plant at the tips of roots and shoots. Meristems are the point of cell division... Objective 1 Describe the functions of external plant parts. MERISTEM

23. The primary purpose of the flower is to produce seeds needed to continue the species and some are produced in fruit. Pollination – the first step in sexual reproduction in plants in which pollen is transferred from male flower parts to female flower parts. Objective 1 Describe the functions of external plant parts. FLOWERS

24. The four major parts of a complete flower are: Stamen - the male part of the flower. It is made of pollen, anther, and filament. Pistil - the female part of the flower. It is made of a stigma, stile, and ovary. Petals - colored part of the flower that attracts insects. Sepals - protect the developing flower. Objective 1 Describe the functions of external plant parts. FLOWERS

25. Objective 1 Describe the functions of external plant parts. FLOWERS

26. Objective 2: Classify plants by botanical classification.NOMENCLATURE Linnaean taxonomy is a method of classifying living things, originally devised by (and named for) Carl Linnaeus, The greatest innovation of Linnaeus, is the general use of binomial nomenclature, the combination of a genus name and species of organisms. For example, the human species is uniquely identified by the binomial Homo sapiens. No other species of organism can have this binomial.

27. Objective 2: Classify plants by botanical classification.NOMENCLATURE As an example, consider the Linnaean classification for modern humans: Kingdom: Animalia (with eukaryotic cells having cell membrane but lacking cell wall, multicellular, heterotrophic) Phylum: Chordata (animals with a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal gill slits, which may be vestigial) Class: Mammalia (endothermic vertebrates with hair and mammary glands which, in females, secrete milk to nourish young)

28. Objective 2: Classify plants by botanical classification.NOMENCLATURE Order: Primates (collar bone, eyes face forward, grasping hands with fingers) Family: Hominidae (upright posture, large brain, stereoscopic vision, flat face, hands and feet have different specializations) Genus: Homo (s-curved spine, "man") Species: Homo sapiens (high forehead, well-developed chin, gracile bone structure)

29. Objective 2: Classify plants by botanical classification.NOMENCLATURE

30. Objective 2: Classify plants by botanical classification.NOMENCLATURE a brief introduction to some of the main Plant Families Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae) - Cabbage Family Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae, Papilionaceae (formerly Leguminosae) - Bean Family Geraniaceae - Geranium Family Hydrophyllaceae - Waterleaf Family Fagacae - Oak Malvaceae - Mallow Family Musaceae - Banana Family Rosaceae - Rose Family Solanaceae - Potato Family

31. Objective 3: Describe the life cycle and common uses of plant crops and ornamentals. TERMS Planting – putting seeds or young plants in the ground to grow Germinating – a seed sprouting or starting to grow Seedling – young plant grown from a seed Vegetative Growth (Green) – growing a plant from plant parts Reproductive Growth (Flower) – the growth of the flower and the development of seeds Maturity and Harvest – taking a fully grown product from where it was produced.

32. Objective 3: Describe the life cycle and common uses of plant crop and ornamentals. Example Life Cycle

33. Objective 3: Describe the life cycle and common uses of plant crop and ornamentals. Example Life Cycle

34. Objective 3: Describe the life cycle and common uses of plant crop and ornamentals. LIFE SPANS of PLANTS Annuals - complete their life cycle in one year Biennials - complete their life cycle in two years. Perennials - live more or less indefinitely.

35. Objective 3: Describe the life cycle and common uses of plant crop and ornamentals.  SEED CROPS VS. VEGETATIVE CROPS Seed crops - grown for man to use their seeds. Examples - wheat, corn, soybeans, and rice Vegetative crop - grown for man to use their vegetative growth. Examples - cabbage, sugar cane, spinach, mustard greens.

36. Objective 3: Describe the life cycle and common uses of plant crop and ornamentals.  SEED CROPS VS. VEGETATIVE CROPS

37. Objective 4: Describe the functions of the parts of the plant cell.  PLANT CELLS Nucleus – directs the activities of the cell; it contains DNA. Cytoplasm – the liquid inside the cell membrane that allows food and nutrients to flow through it. Cell Membrane – a double layered barrier surrounding the cell that controls the flow of materials in and out of the cell. It is called selectively permeable because it lets some items in and keeps others out. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a membrane.

38. Objective 4: Describe the functions of the parts of the plant cell.  PLANT CELLS Organelles – a structure in the cell that performs a specific function. a. Ribosome – puts together proteins. b. Endoplasmic Reticulum – membrane system of folds that act like a highway to carry food and nutrients through the cell. There is smooth and rough ER. c. Golgi Bodies – Process and package proteins. d. Mitochondria – respiration centers of the cell or cells powerhouse. (muscle cells)

39. Objective 4: Describe the functions of the parts of the plant cell.  Organelles Lysosomes – digestive structures of cell. Cilia and Flagella – hair-like structures that aid in movement. Nucleus – directs activities of the cell. It contains the genetic information of the cell, or chromosomes. Cell Wall – rigid outer structure that supports and protects the cell. Used to form wood. Vacuole – liquid filled cavity for storage. Plastids – colored organelles that store food. They include the chloroplasts, which go through photosynthesis

40. Objective 4: Describe the functions of the parts of the plant cell.  The plant cell

41. Objective 4: Describe the functions of the parts of the plant cell.  The plant cell Interactive Animation: http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm

42. Objective 5: Compare and contrast the process of photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration A. It is important to remember that all living cells respire, or burn food for energy. But only plant cells go through photosynthesis. B. During photosynthesis the light energy of the sun is converted, into food. It occurs in the chloroplast. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 while in light

43. Objective 5: Compare and contrast the process of photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration C. Cellular Respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis. Respiration is the process where sugars are broken down to release energy for the life process. It occurs in the mitochondria. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ? 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP’s(ENERGY)

44. Objective 5: Compare and contrast the process of photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration D. A comparison of photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis Respiration makes food breaks down food. stores solar energy in sugar releases stored energy from sugar. oxygen is byproduct oxygen is required. carbon dioxide is used carbon dioxide is released. Because they are opposite of each other they provide a recycling of material and a balance in the living world.

45. Objective 6: Describe the process and role of osmosis in plant growth OSMOSIS Osmosis may occur when there is a partially-permeable membrane, such as a cell membrane. When a cell is submerged in a glass of water, the water molecules pass through the cell membrane from an area of low solute concentration (outside the cell) to one of high solute concentration (inside the cell), this is called osmosis. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, so only necessary materials are let into the cell and waste left out.

46. Objective 6: Describe the process and role of osmosis in plant growth OSMOSIS Plants use osmosis to gain water and mineral nutrients into their cells. Most nutrients dissolve in water and can be transported into the cells. Turgor – is a swollen or stiffened condition as a result of the plant cells being filled with liquid. Wilting is a result of a lack of water pressure in the cell. Transpiration – the giving off of water in vapor form. Equilibrium is achieved when the entropy gradient becomes zero, and dissolution takes place.

47. Objective 6: Describe the process and role of osmosis in plant growth OSMOSIS

48. Objective 7: Analyze the roles of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in plants and animals. In living plants and animals certain types of molecules make up the organism. It is important to look at these substances and place them into basic categories. Carbohydrates – sugars/starches - These molecules store energy to be used in respiration. In plants, this energy is light energy stored during photosynthesis. Lipids – More complex form of carbohydrates with water removed for more efficient storage. Ex. Fats, oils (vegetable oil), and waxes Proteins – These are very important. In addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; nitrogen is very important. This is why nitrogen is such an important ingredient in fertilizers. It is normally named for its function, such as structural.