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Born Criminal or Equipotentiality?. Trait theories: Biosocial and Psychological Views. Bio Positivist Theories. Born Criminal XYY The Super Male IQ, Mental Theories Testosterone Arousal Theories Minimal Brain Dysfunction and learning disabilities. Contemporary biosocial theorists.
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Bio Positivist Theories • Born Criminal • XYY The Super Male • IQ, Mental Theories • Testosterone • Arousal Theories • Minimal Brain Dysfunction and learning disabilities
Contemporary biosocial theorists • Biochemical factors • neurological dysfunction • genetic influences
Stigmata • Asymmetry of face or head • Large “monkey-like” ears • Large lips • Receding chin • Twisted nose • Large cheek bones • Long arms • Excessive wrinkles • Extra fingers or toes
Franz Joseph Gall • 1738-1800 Baden, Germany • Dr of Craniology or Cranioscopy, early terms for phrenology
Goring English Prison Medical Officer Statistically Diverse differences in Body stature and weight The English Convict
Hooten Crime and the Man
Biosocial considerations If a Criminal is Biologically Inferior, why not sort them now?
Defective Physique Defective Intelligence • Prisoners Were shorter and thinner • Prisoners had lower IQ (Subjectively)
Biosocial Considerations Can we isolate them from society? Can we change the prison terms based on physical form?
Twin Studies and Adoption Studies I get it from my parents
XYY • Biology • Genetics • Social Behavior
Environment • Genetic predisposition and never commit a criminal act • Lack of a genetic predisposition and be a criminal
How Can we Determine the Extent of Criminal Behavior is Genetically Influenced? • TWIN STUDIES • ADOPTION STUDIES
Twins • Monozygotic Twins • Single Egg • Dizygotic Twins • Separate Eggs • Share about half the genes
Johannes Lange(1920’s) • 30 Pairs of Same sex twins • 13 Identical 17 Fraternal Pairs • One Member of Each Pair was a known criminal
Twin Studies Result ( Lange 1920) • 13 Identical Twins • 10 Pairs: Both Twins Were Criminal
Twin Studies Result ( Lange 1920) • 17 Pairs of Fraternal Twins • 2 Pairs Were Criminal
Karl Christianson and Sarnoff A. Mednick 1881-1910 Study • 3586 pairs of twins • Listed Serious Offenses only
Mednick and Christiansen • Identical Twins: If one is criminal, the other is likely to be criminal by 50% • Fraternal Twins: If one criminal and the same sex as the other, the other has a 20% likelihood of being criminal.
David C. Rowe, D. Wayne Osgood • Recent American Study • Supported the Findings of Christiansen and Mednick
Adoption Studies • Best way to separate the Inherited Traits from Environmental Conditions • Largest Study was in Denmark 1924-1927 by Sarnoff A. Mednick • 14,427 Male and Female Adoptions • Felony Cases Only
If the Biological Parents were not Criminal and the Adoptive Parents Were not Criminal, What Percent of the Offspring were Criminal?
If the Adoptive Parents were Criminal and the Biological Parents were not Criminal?
If the Adoptive Parents were Non Criminal and the Biological Parents were Criminal?
How About Females? • Study of 862 Adopted Males • 913 Adopted Females
Who Do You Think Gets More Criminal Tendencies Biologically: Males or Females?
Studies Show that Females Inherit Criminal Tendencies More than Males
Are Violent Tendencies Inherited? • No one has ever found evidence of inheritance of violence. • Mednick