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Chapter Six

Chapter Six. Nonstate Actors in the Interstate System. IGOs and NGOs. IGOs: intergovernmental organizations; members are states; have authority from state governments to make decisions regarding particular problems

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Chapter Six

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  1. Chapter Six Nonstate Actors in the Interstate System

  2. IGOs and NGOs • IGOs: intergovernmental organizations; members are states; have authority from state governments to make decisions regarding particular problems • NGOs: nongovernmental organizations; members are private individuals or groups who focus on specific aspects of the global agenda

  3. Figure 6.1: The Number of States, IGOs, and NGOs since 1900

  4. Table 6.1: A Simple Classification of Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)

  5. The United Nations • founded in 1945; successor to League of Nations • maintain international peace and security • promote peaceful relations between states • promote cooperation for solving international problems • encourage human rights and freedoms

  6. Figure 6.2: The Changing Membership of the United Nations, 1945-2005

  7. United Nations Structure • Security Council • General Assembly • Secretariat • International Court of Justice • Economic and Social Council • Trusteeship Council

  8. Map 6.1: The UN’s Headquarters and Global Network

  9. Aspects of the United Nations • General Assembly dominated by the Global South • controversy over size and nature of UN budget • controversy over dues amounts • controversy over inefficiency of UN bureaucracies

  10. World Trade Organization • successor to GATT (1947) • promotes stable international economic order and smooth international trade • formal decision-making powers over trade disputes • decreases state sovereignty • dominated by major powers

  11. World Bank • created at 1944 Bretton Woods conference • International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) • private and governmental loans to developing countries • upholds international economic system • promotes economic/political development and environmental sustainability

  12. International Monetary Fund • 1944 Bretton Woods; now a UN agency • stabilizes international monetary exchange rates • lender of last resort; balance of payments problems • dominated by wealthier states: weighted voting • tension with Global South

  13. The European Union • neoliberal theory: promote peace and prosperity through IGOs • single economy with a common currency • most western European states; most east European states also • contrast with pre-EU Europe: war and economic competition

  14. European Union Components • Council of Ministers • final authority over decisions • European Commission • propose laws, execute Council decisions • European Parliament • elected in member states, increasing power • Court of Justice • interprets EU law

  15. Figure 6.3: The European Union’s Governmental Structure

  16. Other Regional IGOs • NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization • APEC: Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation • ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations • CARICOM: Caribbean Community and Common Market • CAEU: Council of Arab Economic Unity • OIC: Organization of the Islamic Conference

  17. Nongovernmental Organizations • private interest groups • allow individuals to participate in global affairs • about 31,000 total • often work with IGOs such as the UN • challenge state sovereignty

  18. Indigenous Ethnic Groups • nonstate nations in the Fourth World • ethnopolitical groups: common nationality, language, cultural tradition, kinship ties • form cultural domains that can cross national borders • Kurds in Turkey, Iraq, Syria

  19. Map 6.2: The Indigenous Cultures of the Fourth World

  20. Map 6.2: The Indigenous Cultures of the Fourth World, cont.

  21. Map 6.3: The World’s Major Civilizations: Will their Clash Create Global Disorder?

  22. Map 6.4: Major Religions of the World

  23. Religious Movements • main source of identity for followers • can be sources of aggression • irredentism • secession • diasporas • terrorism

  24. Multinational Corporations • primary agents of globalization of production • strategic corporate alliances • virtual corporations • foreign direct investment • transnational banks • difficult for states to control

  25. Table 6.2Countries and Corporations:A Rankingby Size of Economy andRevenues

  26. Discussion • In what ways do IGOs and NGOs affect the structure of the international system? • In what ways have religious movements been causes of war and tension? • In what ways and in which issue areas could NGOs conceivably be more effective than IGOs?

  27. Discussion, continued • What are the prospects that the UN will become a more powerful and more effective institution? • In what ways do the WTO, World Bank, and IMF affect the Global South? • Could the EU replace the United States as the world’s hegemon?

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