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Server and Storage Technologies

Server and Storage Technologies. Discussion Highlights. Server Technologies System Architecture Storage Technologies Roadmap for storage industry Storage Paradigms Direct Attached Storage

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Server and Storage Technologies

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  1. Server and Storage Technologies

  2. Discussion Highlights Server Technologies • System Architecture Storage Technologies • Roadmap for storage industry • Storage Paradigms Direct Attached Storage Storage Area Networks Network Attached Storage IP Storage Area Networks • RAID Technology

  3. Server Technologies

  4. What is a Server? • A Computer that provides service for other computers connected to it via a network • It is a computer that handles requests for data, email, file transfers, and other network services from other computers (i.e, clients)

  5. What is a Desktop/PC? A computer small enough to sit on top of a desk

  6. System Architecture User Application Software Application Layer Database Layer Command layer System Software Operating system Device driver/kernel layer Hardware Hardware

  7. Vendors Vs Products Products Vendors DB2, Oracle , SQL etc. IBM, Oracle, Microsoft etc. Database Layer IBM,Compaq/HP Microsoft,Linux etc. Command layer Unix : proprietary unix Linux VMS , Windows, DOS etc. Device driver/kernel layer Servers Desktops Laptops Storage devices Networking devices IBM,Compaq/HP Dell,Acer,HCL,SUN etc. EMC/Hitachi etc. Cisco/Nortel etc. Hardware

  8. System Architecture Primary components: • Processor • Memory Cache Memory Primary memory Secondary memory Hard Disks CD ROM Drive Tape Devices • Power Supply • Peripherals

  9. Processor Single Processors Multi Processors • more than one processor • No. of processors decided by application and performance requirements.

  10. Processor RISC Processors HP PARISC Compaq Alpha IBM POWER SUN Ultra Sparc CISC Processors X86 Family Pentium C-RISC

  11. CISC Approach • complete the task in as few lines of assembly as possible • Fabricate most of the instructions on chip • More COMPLEX instructions in instruction set • Emphasis on hardware • Small code sizes

  12. RISC Approach • Use only simple one clock cycle instructions • The instruction set should be very small • use of SIMPLE instructions in instruction set • Emphasis on software • Increased code sizes

  13. CISC Reduces RISC sacrifices CISC sacrifices RISC reduces Performance Equation Time = Time * Cycle * Instructions Program Cycle Instructions Program

  14. Memory Memory Classification Hierarchy: cache Primary memory (RAM) Secondary storage Volatility: RAM ROM Technology: Static RAM Dynamic RAM

  15. Memory Classification Volatility: RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM(Read Only Memory) Technology: Static RAM Dynamic RAM Hierarchy: cache Primary memory (RAM) Secondary storage

  16. Cost Factors • No. of Processors • Type of Processor ( RISC/CISC) • Size of Primary Memory • Storage capacity • Storage Interfaces • Operating system ( Proprietary Vs Open)

  17. Secondary Storage Technologies

  18. Roadmap for Storage Industry DAS FC SAN NAS iSCSI SAN iSCSI Fibre Channel Network Attached Storage SCSI IDE/ATA

  19. Server A Server B DAS (Direct Attached Storage) Popular DAS Standards • IDE/ATA (Industry Drive Electronics / AT Attachment ) • SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface) • SATA (Serial AT Attachment)

  20. IDE/ATA • Most popular standard for PC drives • Drive electronics is integrated on the drive media • Max. 2 ATA/IDE devices in Master , Slave mode over single channel (with the exception of EIDE which allows 4 EIDE devices over single channel) • Bus width : 16 bits • Max possible data transfer rate : 100 MB/s ( Ultra DMA mode 5, cycle time 40 nsec)

  21. Limitations of IDE/ATA • not suitable for data intensive applications • low data transfer rate • limited scalability • ideal for PC and low end servers

  22. SCSI

  23. SCSI

  24. Limitations of SCSI • Not more than 16 devices per bus • Maximum channel length 25 m (HVD) while only 12 m with normal LVD/SE • Data Transfer speed up to 320 MB/s practically unrealizable • Complex Device portability

  25. A B SAN (Storage Area Network) File System Control • Interface used is Fibre Channel (FC) • Maximum 16 million devices can be connected • Distances up to 10km between devices • Data Transfer rates up to 2Gbps • Highly reliable Fibre channel switch Disk array

  26. Fibre Channel (FC) • Marriage of networking and storage architectures • High speed , serial interconnect standard • Provides bi-directional, point-to-point data channel • Allows block level access of data • Has layered architecture similar to OSI model • Support for various topologies

  27. Fibre Channel (FC)

  28. Limitations of SAN • Poor interoperability • High Cost • Difficult to manage • Weak Security • Scalability is a concern in complex deployments • FC is not a routable protocol

  29. NAS (Network Attached Storage) • Uses TCP/IP network for connecting to storage • Provides file level access to the storage • Highly scalable especially in heterogeneous environment • Brings Ethernet economics to storage

  30. NAS Vs SAN

  31. iSAN :Enterprise Storage Future • iSAN : SANs built on iSCSI protocol • iSCSI (internet small computer system interface) is TCP/IP-based protocol for establishing and managing connections between IP-based storage devices, hosts and clients • iSCSI is a block access protocol, allows SCSI access over TCP/IP networks

  32. iSCSI TCP IP iSCSI Protocol Internet Protocol TCP/IP iSCSI Protocol Stack Internet SCSI iSCSI Applications Operating System SCSI Command set SCSI command set

  33. Advantages of IP Storage • Familiar Network technology and management • Reduces training costs • Increased reliability • Scalability over long distances • Enables remote data replication and DR • Brings Ethernet economics to storage

  34. RAID Technology What is RAID ? “RAID is Redundant Array of Independent/ Inexpensive Disks “

  35. RAID Technology Advantages of RAID • Increased Data Storage • Improved Data Protection • Enhanced Performance

  36. RAID Technology Various RAID Levels • RAID 0 ( Striping) • RAID 1 (Mirroring) • RAID 10 / RAID 1+0 (Mirroring + Striping) • RAID 3 (Independent Striping plus parity) • RAID 5 (Independent Striping plus distributed parity)

  37. Drive 1 Drive 2 Block 1 Block 2 Block 4 Block 3 Block 6 Block 5 Block 8 Block 7 RAID 0 (Striping) • Increased storage capacity • Improved performance • No redundancy : not suitable for critical data • Min. no. of disks : 2

  38. Drive 1 Drive 2 Block 1 Block 1 Block 2 Block 2 Block 3 Block 3 Block 4 Block 4 RAID 1 (Mirroring) • Increased redundancy • Improved read performance • Poor write performance • Min no. of disks : 2

  39. Drive 1 Drive 2 Block 1 Block 2 Block 1 Block 2 Block 4 Block3 Block 3 Block 4 Block6 Block 5 Block 6 Block 5 Block 7 Block 8 Block 8 Block 7 RAID 10 (Mirroring + Striping) Drive 3 Drive 4 • Increased redundancy • Improved read performance • Poor write performance • Min no. of disks : 4

  40. Drive 1 Drive 2 Parity Drive Bit 2 Bit1 Parity 1-2 Bit4 Parity 3-4 Bit 3 Bit 6 Parity 5-6 Bit 5 RAID 3 (Striping + Parity) • Increased redundancy through parity data • Improved read /write performance • Single point of failure is parity drive • Min no. of disks : 3

  41. RAID 5 (Striping + Distributed Parity) Drive 1 Drive 3 Drive 2 Block 1 Block 2 Parity 1- 2 Parity 3-4 Block 3 Block 4 Parity 5-6 Block 5 Block 6 Block 7 Block 8 Parity 7-8 • Increased redundancy through distributed parity data • Improved read /write performance • Min no. of disks : 3

  42. Q/A ?

  43. Thank you

  44. Cache Memory

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