Simple Sentence

1. Simple Sentence BY DR. BUSHRA NI’MA

2. CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION = based on the NUMBER AND TYPE of CLAUSES in a sentence: SIMPLE SENTENCE – consists of a SINGLE INDEPENDENT/MAIN CLAUSE. [The students] [didn’t know] [the answer to that question] = SVO SIMPLE SENTENCE – consists of a SINGLE INDEPENDENT/MAIN CLAUSE. [The students] [didn’t know] [the answer to that question] = SVO COMPLEX SENTENCE – consists of a MAIN/SUPERORDINATE CLAUSE and AT LEAST one DEPENDENT/SUBORDINATE CLAUSE. [The students] [know] [that the project deadline is difficult to meet] = SVO (O realized as clause) COMPUND SENTENCE – consists of a at least TWO MAIN CLAUSES. [She] [took] [the test] [in June] and [she] [passed] [it] [with flying colors]. S V O (A) Conj. S V O (A)

3. COMPLEX TRANSITIVE VERBS – they require the DIRECT OBJECT and either the OBLIGATORY ADVERBIAL or the OBJECT COMPLEMENT: I put the book on the desk. = SVOA I elected him chairman. = SVOCo DITRANSITIVE VERBS – they require both the DIRECT OBJECT and the INDIRECT OBJECT: I gave her two letters. I showed the lady her new car. She sent me the statue. = SVOiOd MONOTRANSITIVE VERBS – they require the DIRECT OBJECT I wrote two letters. I own a small boat. She broke the statue. = SVO VERB CLASSES Sometimes one verb can belong to more than one class. If one verb belongs to more than one class we talk of MULTIPLE CLASS MEMBERSHIP. e.g. MAKE can be DITRANSITIVE, MONOTRANSITIVE and COMPLEX TRANSITIVE She made her children a chocolate cake. = DITRANSITIVE She made a chocolate cake. = MONOTRANSITIVE She made them extremely happy. = COMPLEX TRANSITIVE Verbs which can belong to more than one class, can sometimes cause AMBIGUITY: I called her a doctor. => two possible interpretations: DITRANSITIVE: She is sick. I called a doctor to help her. COMPLEX TRANSITIVE: She is a doctor. I addressed her as a doctor. INTENSIVE VERBS = also known as COPULAR or LINKING VERBS = verbs which are always followed by Cs or an obligatory A(dverbial): Mary seems happy. => “happy” is a subject complement = SVCs John is inhis room. He lives in Paris. => “in his room” and “in Paris” are obligatory adverbials = SVA INTRANSITIVE VERBS – require no obligatory complement , e.g. disappear, run, sleep, vanish, etc. E.g. The sun is shining. That piece of evidence disappeared. The baby is sleeping. = SV TRANSITIVE VERBS – they require at least one obligatory element, depending on the number and type of obligatory elements that they take, they can be divided into three subgroups.

4. ON THE BASIS OF VERB CLASSES CLAUSE TYPES

5. CLAUSE TYPES THE SINGLE VERB ELEMENT OF A SIMPLE SENTENCE IS ALWAYS A FINITE VP. SO, THESE ARE THE 7 TYPES OF SIMPLE SENTENCES IN ENGLISH

6. CLAUSE TYPES • Naturally, OPTIONAL ADVERBIAL may be added to sentences of any type: (Luckily) the sun is (already) shining. I (definitely) must send her a birthday card (tomorrow). • The S, V, O and C are OBLIGATORY sentence elements, whereas the A can be either OBLIGATORY or OPTIONAL. The A is obligatory in the SVA and SVOA clause types: John often goes to the cinema. S(A)VA She kept the children in bedduring the storm. SVOA(A)

7. PAGE 142 – exercise 1 (a-f) S V A S V OCo S V OCo S V OiOd S V Oor S V O (A) S V Cs

8. PAGE 142 – exercise 1 (g-k) S V Cs S V (A)OiOd S V Cs S V Csor S V Cs(A) S V Cs

9. PAGE 142 – exercise 1 (l-o) S V Oor S V O (A) S V Cs S V Cs S V Csor S V Cs(A)

10. CLAUSE TYPES: important note Sometimes, A VERB MAY BELONG TO MORE THAN ONE CLASS, which is called MULTIPLE-CLASS MEMBERSHIP: She made [her children] [a chocolate cake]. SVOO She made [a chocolate cake]. SVO She made [them] [extremely happy]. SVOCo ANOTHER NOTE: If deleting an adverbial changes the meaning of the verb completely and/or the verb class, the adverbial is considered to be obligatory: Frankenstein lives. Vs. Frankenstein lives [in London].

11. PAGE 142 – exercise 2 (a - b) I HOPE THEY HAVE SAVED A TABLE BY THE WINDOW FOR US. MAY I ASK A FAVOUR FROM YOU?

12. PAGE 142 – exercise 2 (a - b) CAN I PLAY A GAME OF CHESS WITH YOU? HER GREAT-AUNT LEFT A FORTUNE TO HER. WE WISH A VERY HAPPY NEW YEAR TO ALL OUR FRIENDS.

13. PAGE 142 – exercise 3 (a - d) OBLIGATORY (complex transitive verb, V + Co) OBLIGATORY (intensive verb, V + Cs) OBLIGATORY (monotransitive verb, V + Od) CAN BE DELETED, BUT NOT OPTIONAL, BECAUSE THE CLASS CHANGES (“explain” can be both transitive and intransitive)

14. PAGE 142 – exercise 3 (e - i) CAN BE DELETED, BUT NOT OPTIONAL, BECAUSE THE CLASS CHANGES (“tell” can be both monotransitive and ditransitive) OBLIGATORY (intensive verb, V + Cs) CAN BE DELETED, BUT NOT OPTIONAL, BECAUSE THE CLASS CHANGES (“fly” can be both transitive and intransitive) OPTIONAL OPTIONAL

15. PAGE 143 – exercise 4 (a - e) NO OPTIONAL ELEMENTS NO OPTIONAL ELEMENTS EITHER THE FIRST OR THE SECOND, BUT ONE HAS TO STAY AMBIGUOUS, EITHER “FOR EVERY MEMBER OF THE FAMILY” IS OPTIONAL, OR “A PRESENT FOR EVERY MEMBER OF THE FAMILY” IS ONE BIG OBJECT

16. PAGE 143 – exercise 4 (f - j) “FOR YEARS” IS OBLIGATORY BECAUSE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT EITHER THE FIRST OR THE SECOND, BUT ONE HAS TO STAY

17. PAGE 143 – exercise 5 (a - e) V Cs = INTENSIVE V OiOd = DITRANSITIVE V O Co = COMPLEX TRANSITIVE V O (A) = MONOTRANSITIVE VA (A) = INTENSIVE

18. PAGE 143 – exercise 6 • S + V (DITRANSITIVE) + Oi + Od • S + V (COMPLEX TRANSITIVE) + Od + Co • S + V (MONOTRANSITIVE) + Od • S + V (INTENSIVE) + Cs

19. Thank you for your time! THE END