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Splash Screen. Chapte r Introduction Section 1: Group Behavior Section 2: Conformity and Obedience Section 3: Conflict and Cooperation. Chapter Menu. Chapter Objectives · Section 1. Group Behavior.

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  1. Splash Screen

  2. Chapter Introduction Section 1: Group Behavior Section 2:Conformity and Obedience Section 3:Conflict and Cooperation Chapter Menu

  3. Chapter Objectives · Section 1 Group Behavior Explain that a group is a collection of people who interact, share common goals, and influence how members think and act. Explore how groups are unified by the attitudes and standards members share and their commitment to them. Chapter Preview 1

  4. Chapter Objectives · Section 2 Conformity and Obedience Describe how you may engage in behavior because of direct or indirect group pressure or in response to orders given by authorities. Chapter Preview 2

  5. Chapter Objectives · Section 3 Conflict and Cooperation Explore conflicts between groups that result because groups influence how individuals perceive and respond to situations. Chapter Preview 3

  6. Chapter Preview-End

  7. Main Idea A group—a collection of people who interact, share common goals, and influence how members think and act—is unified by the attitudes and standards members share and by their commitment to those beliefs. Section 1-Main Idea

  8. Vocabulary • group • task functions • social functions • norms • ideology • social facilitation • social inhibition • group polarization • groupthink • sociogram Section 1-Key Terms

  9. Objectives • Define and explain different types of groups. • Describe the interactive patterns within groups. Section 1-Objectives

  10. A B C D How important are groups in your life? A.Very important B.Somewhat important C.Not very important D.Not important at all Section 1-Polling Question

  11. What Are Groups? • Group • An aggregate is a collection of people who congregate but do not interact. Section 1

  12. What Are Groups? (cont.) • Interdependence occurs when any action by one member will affect or influence the other members. • Each member has a role and a certain responsibility to the rest of the group. • Group members become interdependent because they share common goals. Section 1

  13. What Are Groups? (cont.) • Communication about a group can be directed outwardly toward the public or internally within a group. Section 1

  14. What Are Groups? (cont.) • The purposes groups serve are of two general kinds: • Task functions • Social functions • In most groups, task and social functions are combined. Section 1

  15. A B C D What are some reasons that communication is so essential within a group? A.encourages debate among members regarding individual goals B.increases members’ feelings of commitment to group goals C.crucial to the functions of a group D.All of the above Section 1

  16. How Groups Are Held Together • Two factors work to hold a group together: • Shared values • Norms • Rules are shared beliefs about the correct way to behave and what to believe. • Ideology • Standards and the group’s commitment to them Section 1

  17. How Groups Are Held Together (cont.) • Factors the strengthen group commitment: • Requirement of personal sacrifice • Participation Why Do We Join Groups? Section 1

  18. A B C D Which of the following factors must be present to maintain the cohesion of a group? A.Norms B.Ideology C.Commitment D.Participation Section 1

  19. Types of Groups • In-group—when a group’s members identify with their group. • Out-group—everyone who is not a member of the in-group. Section 1

  20. Types of Groups (cont.) • Primary group—a group of people who interact daily face-to-face. • Secondary group—a larger group of people with whom you might have more impersonal relationships. Section 1

  21. A B C D How many different primary groups exist in your life? A.one or two B.three C.four D.five or more Section 1

  22. Social Facilitation Versus Social Inhibition • Social facilitation—an increase in performance in front of a crowd. • Social inhibition—a decrease in performance in front of a crowd. • The effect of a crowd on your behavior may also be a reflection of your concern about being evaluated. Section 1

  23. A B C D Do you feel that, in general, you are comfortable in front of a crowd? A.Very much so B.Somewhat C.Not very much D.Not at all Section 1

  24. Interactions Within Groups • The study of group structure is the study of the roles various members play in the group and how these roles are interrelated. Section 1

  25. Interactions Within Groups (cont.) • Aspects to group structure: • The personal relationship between individual members. • The rank of each member on a particular dimension. • The roles various members play. Section 1

  26. Interactions Within Groups (cont.) • A role is a behavior expected of an individual because of his or her membership in a particular group. • Each of us has multiple roles that shift as we merge with different groups. • We may find ourselves in role conflict. Section 1

  27. Interactions Within Groups (cont.) • Group polarization • If opinions are equally split on an issue before a discussion, the group discussion will usually result in a compromise. • Groupthink Group Polarization Section 1

  28. Interactions Within Groups (cont.) • How to improve group decision making: • Leaders should avoid strongly advocating their own views and, instead, encourage group discussion. • Group members should hear all viewpoints and challenge one another’s views. • The minority viewpoint should be expressed and discussed. • Group members should focus on the task. • The lines of communication should remain open. Section 1

  29. Interactions Within Groups (cont.) • When studying groups, social psychologists use a technique called a sociogram. • The diagrams can help psychologists predict how that individual is likely to communicate with other group members. Sociograms Section 1

  30. Interactions Within Groups (cont.) • Another way to discover the structure of a group is to examine the communication patterns in a group. • A leader embodies the norms and ideals of the group and represents the group to outsiders. • Within the group, a leader initiates action, gives orders, makes decisions, and settles disputes. Section 1

  31. Interactions Within Groups (cont.) • Different views of leadership: • Leadership as a personality trait—the leader holds the ability to get people to comply; he has skills in social influence or persuasion or social power. • Leaders who are concerned with both output and the welfare of the people. Section 1

  32. Interactions Within Groups (cont.) • The end product of the reinforcements of the group being led are important. • Transformational leadership—produces large-scale organizational change by changing the goals of group members. Leavitte’s Communication Network System Section 1

  33. Interactions Within Groups (cont.) • Three leadership styles: • Authoritarian—she makes all the decisions and assigns tasks to group members. • Laissez-faire—she is only minimally involved in a group’s decision making. • Democratic—she encourages group members to come to decisions through consensus. Section 1

  34. A B C D What is poor group decision making as a result of a group emphasizing unity or critical thinking? A.Group polarization B.Groupthink C.Sociogram D.Transformational leadership Section 1

  35. Section 1-End

  36. Main Idea You may engage in behavior because of direct or indirect group pressure or in response to orders given by authorities. Section 2-Main Idea

  37. Vocabulary • conformity • obedience Section 2-Key Terms

  38. Objectives • Identify ways that groups can influence an individual’s behavior. • Explain why most people tend to obey authority figures. Section 2-Objectives

  39. A B C Do you follow fashion trends that your friends are wearing? A.Yes B.No C.Sometimes Section 2-Polling Question

  40. Group Pressure to Conform • Conformity • Solomon Asch designed an experiment to test conformity to pressure from one’s peers. • About 75% of the people conformed some of the time. Asch’s Experiment Section 2

  41. Group Pressure to Conform (cont.) • Compliance occurs when we respond to the request of another person without necessarily changing our beliefs. • The foot-in-the-door technique—when you get a person to agree to a relatively minor request in order to build up to a major request. Section 2

  42. Group Pressure to Conform (cont.) • Factors that increase conforming behavior in people: • Belonging to a group that emphasizes the role of groups rather than individuals. • The desire to be liked by other members of the group. • Low self esteem • Social shyness Section 2

  43. Group Pressure to Conform (cont.) • Lack of familiarity with a task • Group size • Cultural influences Section 2

  44. A B C D What percentage of people conformed some of the time in the Asch experiment? A.50 B.60 C.75 D.85 Section 2

  45. Obedience to Authority • Obedience • Stanley Miligram conducted a famous investigation using fake shock treatment to test peoples’ obedience. • 65% of the participants delivered the full range of shocks, showing that social conditioning for obeying legitimate authorities is so strongly ingrained that people often lack the words or the ways to do otherwise. Section 2

  46. Obedience to Authority (cont.) • In the Stanford prison experiment, participants were divided into groups of “guards” and “prisoners.” • The emotional reactions were so extreme that the experimenters ended the planned two week experiment after 6 days. • This experiment demonstrated the power that situations can have in changing how we feel, think, and behave. Section 2

  47. A B C If a police officer demanded you to give him all your money, would you do it? A.Yes B.No C.Not sure Section 2

  48. Section 2-End

  49. Main Idea Conflicts between groups are a fact of everyday life. Individuals perceive and respond to situations differently in a group, sometimes giving up responsibility for their actions. Section 3-Main Idea

  50. Vocabulary • aggression • catharsis • altruism • diffusion of responsibility • bystander effect • social loafing • deindividuation Section 3-Key Terms

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