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What is Nonverbal Communication?

What is Nonverbal Communication?. No one definition Dr. A. O’Brien. Verbal and Nonverbal are. so intertwined that there’s a fuzzy line between them. The idea is…. there are categories of communication that overlap some aspects of each other. It’s not as simple as: WORDS NO WORDS.

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What is Nonverbal Communication?

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  1. What is Nonverbal Communication? No one definition Dr. A. O’Brien

  2. Verbal and Nonverbal are so intertwined that there’s a fuzzy line between them.

  3. The idea is… there are categories of communication that overlap some aspects of each other.

  4. It’s not as simple as: WORDS NO WORDS

  5. Pioneer in nonverbal researchRay Birdwhistell • defines nonverbal communication • ... the signals to which meaning will be attributed

  6. Note: • some sounds are not vocal, • e.g., snapping one’s fingers, stamping a foot • …nv includes vocal and nonvocal phenomena

  7. American sign language is verbal... but silent

  8. Also other vocal phenomena • more sounds than words e.g., zap...buzz

  9. Some nonvocal made with the breath, taking a small bit of air onomatopoetic words - zzz

  10. ExplicitSAID IN WORDS EXACT RULES ABOUT IT Implicit SO SUBTLE ,NOT IN WORDS LACK OF EXPLICIT RULES Mehrabian uses

  11. Categorizes implicit or non verbal behavior • Immediacy • Status • Responsiveness

  12. CLASSIFYING NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR

  13. Body Motion (Kinesic Gestures) Movements of the: • Body • Limbs • Head • feet and legs • facial expressions • eye behavior • posture

  14. Some movements provide information about emotions • Some give info about personality traits or attitude

  15. Ekman & Friesen Classification of nonverbal acts

  16. Emblems nonverbal acts with a direct verbal translation a word or two or a phrase... generally culture specific

  17. Emblems • Thumbs up OK • V with fingers peace • Finger pointed to temple suicide • Hand grasping throat choke • hand to mouth eating • tilt head, eyes closed sleeping

  18. Use of Emblems (a) • Insults • Directions come go stop slow down • Greetings • Departures

  19. Use of Emblems (b) selected responses to questions yes no maybe I don’t knowphysical stateemotion triumphant angry sad

  20. Part of body associated with emblems • Often the hands... but not exclusively • Nose wrinkle Disgust • Drop of the jaw and exaggeratedraising of the eyebrows Surprise • Upturned palms, shrugged shoulders Uncertainty

  21. Use of Emblems 1 • When verbal channels of communication are blocked • Sign language of the deaf • Gestures used by television production personnel • Gestures used by SWAT team

  22. Use of Emblems 2 • Signs between two underwater swimmers. • Motions made by people too far apart to hear each other well. • We choose emblems the way we choose words • We don’t think very much about it. • We generally don’t string emblems together.

  23. Illustrators • directly tied to speech - movements that • accentuate a word or phrase • sketch a path of thought • point to present objects • depict a spatial relationship • depict the pacing of an event • draw a picture of the referent • depict bodily action

  24. Illustrators They may also be emblems used to illustrate verbal statements;but you leave the word out and use the emblem.

  25. Aware of the illustrators? • Less deliberate than emblems. (They seem to be within the realm of awareness, but we are not as aware of them as we are of emblems which we use much more deliberately.)

  26. Frequency of Illustrators • ...more in face to face situations • ...fewer over the intercom or telephone • ... in excitement and enthusiastic situations • ... when the receiver isn’t getting the message through words alone • ... when you can’t find the right word

  27. Affect Displays • Facial configurations that display affective states: sad tired ecstatic • Used to: • Repeat • Augment • contradict • can be unrelated to verbal affective statements.

  28. Affect Displays • Can occur without our knowing it; (Once it happens we are aware of it.) • We may or may not want to communicate our affective state through such displays

  29. Regulators 1 Non verbal acts that maintain and regulate the interactions between two or more participants.

  30. Regulators 2 • They can tell the speaker to: continue hurry up become more interesting explain let the other talk

  31. Turn-taking regulators (the most studied kind) Head tilting Nods Eye contact e.g. less eye contact if you want to terminate conversation.

  32. Status of regulators • On the periphery of our awareness; hard to stop them. • Almost involuntary • We may not be aware of doing it ourselves, but are very aware when others do it to us.

  33. Adaptors • Learned early in life • Less well documented • Less well understood

  34. Self-Adaptors Manipulations of own body indicating increase in anxiety Examples • holding • scratching • picking oneself • eye-cover contact - (might be shame or sadness)

  35. Alter-Adaptors Related to interpersonal behaviors; probable holdovers from early aggression, fleeing, fighting Examples: leg movements looking over shoulder before gossiping

  36. Object adaptors Learned later in life - more socially acceptable • stroking a pipe • tapping a pencil • hands in pockets • twisting a ring

  37. Physical Characteristics • Not all nonverbal communication comes through movement and motion • Some are static self presentation characteristics • body height • Weight • Hair • skin color, tone • breath odor

  38. Touching Behavior (Haptics) strokingpushing guiding another’s motion

  39. Paralanguage • How - not what you say. • Speech behavior • Voice quality and pitch • Range and rhythm control • Tempo • Articulation • Resonance • Glottis control • Vocal and lip control

  40. Vocalizations • Non verbal sounds - not words, but convey a meaning. • Divided into three categories: • vocal characterizers • vocal qualifiers • vocal segregates

  41. vocal characterizers • Laughing • Sighing • Crying • Belching • Inhaling • Excessive groaning • Whining • Yelling • Whispering

  42. vocal qualifiers • intensity (loud-soft) • pitch height • high-low • extreme drawl to extreme clipping

  43. vocal segregates (separators) “um” “uh” “ah”

  44. Proxemics • use and perception of social and personal space. • Small group ecology - seating arrangements spatial relationships related to leadership, communication flow

  45. Proxemics Personal space orientation variations sex, age, status, cultural orientation, etc.. Territoriality - term associated with our staking out a personal space we don”t want infringed upon.

  46. Artifacts • When objects interact with persons to send nv cues clothes lipstick false eyelashes wigs perfume

  47. Environmental Factors • Associated with the communication event that impinge upon the human relationship, but not part of it. • furniture • architectural style • interior decorating • lighting conditions • colors • temperature

  48. The End based on Mark Knapp’s research in nonverbal communication from Bridges Not Walls: A Book About Interpersonal Communication, John Stewart, ed., McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., 1990.

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