Early Prisons: Middle Ages

1. Early Prisons:Middle Ages First prison existed in Europe – 1400 & 1500s – for debtors

2. Philadelphia Converted to prison by Quakers Study of bible was primary method Goal was to provide religion and humanity to imprisoned Offenders held in solitary confinement No more Corporal Punishment Penitentiary Era (1790-1825):Walnut Street Jail

3. Philadelphia Became known as the “Pennsylvania System” Handicrafts were introduced allowing prisoners to work in their cells Penitentiary Era (1790-1825):Walnut Street Jail

4. Penitentiary Era

7. - “congregate,” but, silent style Offenders ate, lived, and worked together in silence Corporal punishment was used for rule violators From 1825 onward – most prisons built in U.S. followed Auburn system Became known as the “Auburn System” New York State Prison at Auburn Mass Prison Era (1825-1876)

8. Mass Prison Era (Auburn System)

9. Reformatory Era (1876-1890) Based upon use of indeterminate sentence and belief in rehabilitation Reformatory movement is the result of the work of two men: • Captain Alexander Maconochie • Zebulon Brockway

10. Reformatory Era (1876-1890):Elmira Reformatory (1876) Zebulon Brockway was warden at Elmira A leading advocate of the indeterminate sentence Elmira accepted only first time offenders between ages 16-30

11. Reformatory Era (1876-1890):Elmira Reformatory (1876) Training made available in such areas as: • telegraphy • tailoring • plumbing • carpentry • The movement was a failure (no change in outside social conditions)

12. Reformatory Era

17. Reformatory Era (1876-1890):Captain Alexander Maconochie • Warden of Norfolk Island prison off of coast of Australia in 1840s • prisoners at Norfolk were “doubly condemned” • They had been “transported” to Australia because of crimes they had committed and then they were punished for new crimes while in Australia

18. Reformatory Era (1876-1890):Captain Alexander Maconochie • Maconochie developed “mark system” • prisoners could earn credits to buy their freedom • negative behavior caused marks to be lost Mark system constituted first “early release” program • Maconochie became known as “father of parole”

19. Norfolk Island / Penal Colonies

21. Residence for insane

22. A drawing shows Sydney, Australia, in 1788, at the time of its founding as a British penal colony.

23. Southern Prisons Prisoners replaced freed slaves Farm labor Public works projects Goal – to maximize use of offender labor movement began in industrial northeast U.S. Northern Prisons Smelted steel Made furniture Molded tires Industrial Prison Era: (1890-1935)

24. Industrial Era

25. Specifically prohibited interstate transportation and sale of prison made goods where prohibited by state law Act came about partly as a result of the Depression Ashurst-Sumners Act ended industrial prison era Industrial Prison Era: (1890-1935)Ashurst-Sumners Act (1935)

26. With moratorium on prison industries – prisons reverted back to custody and security as main goals Large maximum security prisons evolved in rural “out-of-sight” locations  Alcatraz Punitive Era (1935-1945)

27. Punitive Era

28. Development of behavioral techniques in 1930s and 1940s brought about concept of treatment in prisons “Correctional Facilities” Treatment based on “medical model” Individual and group therapy programs evolved Treatment Era (1945-1967)

29. Types of therapy programs: Behavioral therapy Chemotherapy Neurosurgery Sensory deprivation Aversion therapy Treatment Era (1945-1967)

30. Neurosurgery Used to control aggressive behavior and destructive urges – frontal lobotomies were part of this approach Sensory deprivation Denial of stimulation by isolating prisoners in quiet, secluded environment Aversion therapy Drugs and/or electric shock used to teach prisoner to associate negative behavior with pain and displeasure Treatment Era (1945-1967)

31. Treatment Era

34. Community-Based Treatment Era (1967-1980) • Relies upon resources of community instead of prison • Plan is to keep offender in the community • Half-way house – community-based treatment program whereby individual lives at house but is allowed to go to work during the day

35. Robert Martinson “Nothing Works” Study (1974) Surveyed 231 research studies that evaluated correctional treatment programs between 1945-1967 None of the 231 programs appeared to substantially reduce recidivism Warehousing/Overcrowding Era (1980-1995) • public and judicial disapproval of release programs and recidivism led to longer sentences with fewer releases • prison overcrowding became widespread • greater emphasis on incarcerating non-violent drug offenders

36. Warehousing Era

37. Imprisonment is seen as fully deserved and a proper consequence of criminal behavior Root purpose of imprisonment is punishment AKA “Justice Model” - Get what you deserve Zero Tolerance Loss of priviledges Chain Gangs in Alabama, Florida, Arizono General Deterrence at work Just Deserts Era (1995-present)

38. Reductions in – personal property allowed restrictions on outside purchases elimination of cable TV abolish family visits no more special occasion banquets 1995 – Virginia abolishes parole, increased the length of sentences for certain violent crimes, and planned building of 12 new prisons 1995 – 28 states reported a decrease in prisoner privileges during previous 12 months Just Deserts Era (1995-present)

39. Just Deserts

41. Prison Population of the United States

42. Prisons Today • Whites- 1229 incarcerated per 100,000 white males in their late 20’s. • Blacks- 10,376 incarcerated per 100,000 black males in their late 20’s. Race

43. low level of formal education • socially disadvantaged background • lack of significant vocational skills • (most) served time in a juvenile facility Inmates

44. Security Levels maximum medium minimum Prisons Today – STATE LEVEL

45. Maximum high fences/walls of concrete barriers between living area and outer perimeter --electric perimeters --laser motion detectors --electronic and pneumatic locking systems --metal detectors --X-ray machines --television surveillance Prisons Today

46. Medium Similar in design to maximum security facilities, however, theyallow prisoners more freedom. In them, prisoners can usually: associate with other prisoners go to the prison yard use exercise room/equipment visit the library take showers and use bathroom facilities with less supervision Prisons Today

47. Medium Dormitory style housing is sometimes used. Cells and living quarters tend to have more windows. These facilities tend to have barbed wire fences instead of large stone walls. Prisons Today

48. Minimum Housing tends to be dormitory style,and prisoners usually have freedom of movement within the facility. Work is done under general supervision only. Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist. Fences, if they exist, are low and sometimes unlocked. “Counts” are usually not taken. Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their own clothes. Prisons Today

49. Martha Stewart’s Minimum Security Prison Alderson Federal prison camp in Alderson, WV