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Chapter 13

Chapter 13. The Federal Bureaucracy. United States Department of Interior. Bureaucracy.

Mercy
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Chapter 13

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  1. Chapter 13 The Federal Bureaucracy

  2. United States Department of Interior

  3. Bureaucracy Bureaucracy is a concept in sociology and political science referring to the way that the administrative execution and enforcement of legal rules are socially organized. Four structural concepts are central to any definition of bureaucracy: a well-defined division of administrative labor among persons and offices, a personnel system with consistent patterns of recruitment and stable linear careers, a hierarchy among offices, such that the authority and status are differentially distributed among actors, and formal and informal networks that connect organizational actors to one another through flows of information and patterns of cooperation. Examples of everyday bureaucracies include governments, armed forces, corporations, hospitals, courts, ministries and schools

  4. Bureaucracy in Political Science • A system of organization and control that is based on three principles: • Hierarchical authority • Job Specialization • Formalized rules • Roughly 2.5 million employees in the U.S. are part of the bureaucracy

  5. History of Bureaucracy President Andrew Jackson (1828) opened government jobs to the common people. He inaugurated the spoils system, under which party loyalty—not experience or talent—became the criterion for a federal job . This was the beginning of patronage, and it continued through the late 19th century

  6. History of Bureaucracy Congress passed the Pendleton Act in 1883, which created a system for hiring federal workers based on qualifications rather than political allegiance; employees were also protected from losing their jobs when the administration changed.

  7. History of Bureaucracy In 1939, the Hatch Act passed to prohibit federal workers from running for office or actively campaigning for other candidates.

  8. History of Bureaucracy 1930s: the size of the federal bureaucracy grew exponentially due to President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal agencies. Although many were short-lived, others continue to play a role Example: the Social Security Administration (SSA), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

  9. History of Bureaucracy 1960s: President Lyndon expanded the welfare state with such programs as Medicare, Head Start, the Job Corps, and the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO). 1970s: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created by the Nixon administration, the new Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the Labor Department transformed the workplace for most Americans, and new cabinet departments were established . 2002: Department of Homeland Security established.

  10. Forms of Bureaucracy • Cabinet Departments: • 15 currently exist; • major administrative units of the executive; • heads, or secretaries, appointed, approved and part of presidential cabinet; • each department has responsibility for a general policy area

  11. Cabinet Departments • State, • Treasury, • Defense, • Justice, • Interior, • Agriculture, • Commerce, • Labor, • Health & Human Services, • Homeland Security, • Housing & Urban Development, • Transportation, • Energy, • Education, and • Veterans Affairs.

  12. Forms of Bureaucracy Independent Agencies: similar to cabinets in structure but have narrower responsibilities Example: Central Intelligence Agency

  13. Forms of Bureaucracy • Regulatory Agencies: • Quasi-legislative • Quasi-judicial • Hold hearings • Make rules • Resolve disputes • Independent • President cannot unilaterally remove leaders Example: Environmental Protection Agency

  14. Forms of Bureaucracy Government Corporations: Similar to private companies because they charge clients for services and are governed by a board of directors Different b/c receive federal funding to help defray operating expenses Example: Amtrak

  15. Forms of Bureaucracy • Commissions: • Provide advice to President • Exist because the need for rulemaking is highly complex & technical Examples: FTC, FCC, SEC, FEC, FRB

  16. Environmental Protection Agency BuildingWashington, D.C.

  17. Bureaucracy • Primary Responsibility is policy implementation (Rule Application, Rule Interpretation, and Rule Initiation) • Administrators tend to look out for their agency’s point of view. • Often, new regulation has a comment period time outlined in the U.S. Federal Register

  18. Sources of Power Expertise Special interests, or clientele groups Friends in High Places

  19. Accountability To President (can reorganize or change leadership) To Congress To public To Executive Budget Whistleblowers (individuals can report instances of mismanagement without repercussions)

  20. Appointees +3500 appointed by White House Loyalty Number of appointments has increased Tenure of those appointed has decreased Patronage Political Favoritism Spoils System Merit Pendleton Act of 1883

  21. Career Civil Service Office of Personnel Management Bipartisan Merit Systems Protection Board 18 level General Schedule (GS) salary structure Service ratings Hatch Act of 1939 limits political activities of civil service

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