Legal Issues Regarding Safety of Performers in the Adult Film Industry

1. Legal IssuesRegarding Safety of Performers in the Adult Film Industry by Maria de Cesare October 27, 2006 UCLA Think Tank

2. “...During production of the 1997 movie ‘Mimic,’ American Humane Association Representatives wandered through the Los Angeles set, ensuring that a herd of cockroaches was well taken care of. Licensed animal handlers were to follow state and federal anti-cruelty laws designed to protect the insects, which had been trained to swirl around actress Mira Sorvino's feet. The roaches had to be fed at a certain time. They could only work a few hours each day. They could not be harmed. At the same time, in studios in the San Fernando Valley, scores of other actors and actresses were working on movies. They put in long hours, commonly without meal breaks. They often worked without clean toilets, toilet paper, soap or water. More importantly, they were exposed to a host of infectious, and sometimes fatal, diseases.” * Source: P.J. Huffstutter, See No Evil, L.A. Times, Jan. 12, 2003, I (Magazine).

3. Two issues: • Protections for mainstream actors vs. AFI actors • Employee vs. Independent Contractor status

4. Mainstreamvs.Adult Film Industry Protections for Actors:

5. In the “Mainstream”:

6. Employeevs.Independent Contractor Employment Status:

7. General Code of Safe Practices for Production Recommendations for Safety with Firearms and Use of Blank Ammunition Stunts Animal Handling Rule SCUBA Equipment Recommendations Guidelines for Traditional Camera Cars Power Line Distance Requirements Safety Guidelines for Multiple Dressing Room Units Guidelines for Use of Artificially Created Smoke, Fogs, and Lighting Effects Guidelines for Use of Fixed-Wing Aircraft in Motion Picture Production Gasoline Operated Equipment Water Hazards Guidelines for Safe Use of Airbags Guidelines for Use of Motor Cycles Guidelines for Use of Exotic Venomous Reptiles Guidelines for Use of Elevating Work Platforms Poisonous Plants Guidelines for Safety Around Hot Air Balloons Safety with Edged and Piercing Props Safety Awareness When Working Around Indigenous “Critters” Food Handling Guidelines Working in Extreme Hot/Cold Temperatures Guidelines for Inclement or Severe Weather Guidelines for Handling Freshly Painted Backdrops and Other Graphic Arts Safety Awareness for Photographic Dust Effects Preparing Urban Exterior Locations Guidelines for the Use of Open Flames of Motion Picture Sets Guidelines for Appropriate Clothing and Personal Protective Equipment Parachuting and Skydiving * Source: Safety Bulletins Recommended by the Industry-Wide Labor-Management Safety Committee, Contract Services Administrative Trust Fund, https://csatf.org/bulletintro.shtml

8. “Economic Realities” Test Is the alleged employee economically dependent on the alleged employer? • Does the alleged employer control, or have the right to control, the manner and means in which work is performed? * Source: Rutherford Food Corp. v. McComb, 331 U.S. 722, 726-27 (1947).See alsoS.G. Borello & Sons, Inc. v. Dep't of Indus. Relations, 769 P.2d 399 (Cal. 1989).

9. “Economic Realities” Test • Does the principal retain pervasive control over the operation as a whole? • Are the worker’s duties an integral part of the operation? • Does the nature of the work make detailed control unnecessary? …part II * Source: Rutherford Food Corp. v. McComb, 331 U.S. 722, 726-27 (1947).See alsoS.G. Borello & Sons, Inc. v. Dep't of Indus. Relations, 769 P.2d 399 (Cal. 1989).