Lighting 101 and Beyond A Short Course on Commercial & Industrial Lighting

1. Lighting 101 and Beyond A Short Course on Commercial & Industrial Lighting Name of Trainer Company Name Date of Presentation

2. Course Objectives Provide information about energy efficient lighting technologies and how BPA promotes them Program information that encourages customers to install these technologies Technical information about lighting and control technology eligible for incentives

3. Benefits of Energy Efficient Lighting Improvements • For the Customer: • Lower energy bills • Reduced cooling requirements • Less frequent bulb replacements (resulting in O&M cost savings) • Improved work environment (leading to increased employee productivity and morale) • Positive reactions from those visiting facilities where technologies are installed • For the Utility: • Reduced energy use and related energy supply needs • Reduced environmental impact due to energy use

4. Course Overview Lighting technologies discussion Program information Incentives available Requirements Customer eligibility Equipment eligibility Funding availability Steps customers take to participate

5. Lighting Technologies Discussion

6. Lighting Technology Categories • Incandescent – burns a thin tungsten filament • Fluorescent – mercury ions excite phosphors • T12, T8, T5, CFLs, (1/8th inch) • High intensity discharge – arc welding • Mercury Vapor – old HID technology • High Pressure Sodium – poor HID technology • Metal Halide – best HID product • Light emitting diode (LED) – silicon chip • Induction lamp – radio frequency (RF)

7. Some Basic Lighting Terminology

8. Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) • Measures the "warmth" or "coolness" of a light source’s appearance in degrees Kelvin (K) against reference light sources • Incandescent color temperatures are about 2,700o K • Daylight lamp color temperatures are 5,000o K + • Indirectly relates to energy savings • Higher color temperature lamps appear brighter • A subjective index depending on personal preference

9. Color Rendering Index (CRI) • A measure of a light source's ability to render the color of objects "correctly," as compared to a reference light source of comparable color temperature • The scale is between 0 and 100 • Generally, the higher the number, the better • Color swatches used to determine CRI are red, green, and blue • A subjective index: depends on personal preference

10. Other Important Lighting Definitions • Lamp – generic term for a light source • Ballast – electronic device that drives the lamp(s) • Lumen – total amount of light produced • Foot-candle – one lumen/square foot • Light Level – synonymous with foot-candle • Efficacy (lighting efficiency) - lumens/watt • HO – high output fluorescent lamp • VHO – very high output fluorescent lamp • HP – High Performance T8 lighting system

11. Color Rendering of Various Lighting Technologies

12. Human Perception • Higher CRI lamps improve visual perception • For instance, 50 foot-candles of fluorescent light (CRI 86) will seem much brighter and better than 50 foot-candles of an HPS source (CRI 21) • Using this theory, it is possible to lower ambient light levels and save energy • Higher CCT lamps appear brighter • Higher CCT lamps improve reading

13. What is Meant by the “Visible Spectrum?” The title gives this away • The visible spectrum of light includes all of the wavelengths of light that our eyes are capable of seeing • The human eye can see light only between about 380 and 780 nanometers wavelength • Infrared goggles allow our eyes to see into the infrared region of light (above 780 nanometers)

14. The Primary Colors of Light A combination of all three primary colors of light (red, green and blue) appears white. Combinations of two primaries produce the “secondary” colors – magenta, cyan and yellow. The three primary colors can be mixed to create almost any other color light. Source: Osram Sylvania

15. Source: Osram Sylvania

16. Source: Osram Sylvania

17. Source: Osram Sylvania

18. Source: Osram Sylvania

19. Source: Osram Sylvania

20. Source: Osram Sylvania

21. Source: Osram Sylvania

22. Source: Osram Sylvania

23. Information on Energy Efficient Lighting/Control Technologies

24. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) Source: www.luxlite.com

25. Retrofit Incandescent Lamps withENERGY STAR-rated CFLs • Benefits: • Lasts up to 10 times longer than incandescents reducing maintenance costs • Up to 75 percent energy savings • Less heat means reduced air conditioning load

26. Types of CFLs • Spiral or Twist • Capsule – A-lamp, bullet, globe, torpedo • Bi-ax – twin-tube, tri-tube, U-tube • Reflector – not ready for prime time yet

27. Linear Fluorescent Lamps and Ballasts - T8s and T5HOs

28. Types of Fluorescent Lamps • Normal light Output (NLO) • High light output (HO) • Very high light output (VHO): An inefficient lamp targeted by Energy Efficiency for change-outs! • Energy saver – reduced light output Source: Philips

29. Fluorescent Lamp Nomenclature F32T8 / ADV841 / ALTO • Fstands for fluorescent • 32indicates a nominal 32-watt tube • Tindicates a tube shaped lamp • 8indicates a lamp 8/8th inch diameter • ADV indicates High Performance lamp • 8indicates CRI • 41indicates a CCT of 4,100 Kelvin • ALTOis Philips’ designation for low mercury

30. Retrofit Older T12 Ceiling Lights with T8 Fluorescent Lamps • Benefits: • Lighting efficiency can range up to 80 lumens per watt (T12s range only to 56 lumens) • Produces more light than 34-watt T12, while using less energy • Provides better color rendering • Standard for new construction

31. Even Better, Retrofit Older T12 Lights With High Performance T8 Lamps • Benefits: • Lighting efficiency can range up to 100 lumens per watt (T12s range to 56 lumens) • Produces more light than 34-watt T12, while using less energy • Provides better color rendering • Latest generation • Higher light level from a 32-watt • Average life is 20 percent or more longer than standard T8

32. Examples of High Performance Fluorescent Lamps • Philips Advantage Lamp Series F32T8/ADV841/ALTO • GE High Lumen Starcoat Lamp Series F32T8/XL/SPX41/HLEC • Sylvania Extreme Lamp Series FO32/841XPS/ECO

33. Replace Hi-Bay HID Fixtures with T5 High Output Fluorescent Fixtures • Benefits: • Up to 35 percent energy savings • Holds 95 percent of their light level, compared to 65 percent for metal halides • Instant on • Offers reduced glare • No color shifting • On-off controls such as occupancy sensors or manual switching

34. T5HO Specifications

35. T5 & T8 Lamps – Considerations • T5s are designed for an enclosed fixture where temperature can be consistent. They are optimal at 95o F temperature. • T8s may become too hot when enclosed and lose some lumens. They are best at 75o F.

36. Retrofit Magnetic Ballast with Electronic Ballast • Benefits: • Quiet • Cooler, reducing air conditioning load • No lamp flicker

37. Types of Fluorescent Ballasts • Instant-start ballasts provide full voltage across the electrodes at start-up. • Rapid-start ballasts have a separate heater circuit that heats up the electrode during start-up and stays on during operation to keep electrodes warm. • Program-start ballasts directly heat up the electrodes before applying full voltage. Thus, they dramatically increase lamp life for frequently switched operation (occupancy sensors).

38. Examples of High Performance Fluorescent Ballasts • Advance Optanium Series IOP-2P32-LW-SC • GE Ultramax Series GE-232-Ultramax-L • Universal Ultim8 Series Ultim8 B232I120EL • Sylvania Quicktronic High Efficiency QHE/UNV ISL-SC

39. Technologies Suitable for Hi-Bay Applications (Fixture more than 15’ from surface)

40. Fluorescent Hi-Bay (T5s) Source: Philips

41. High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Types • Metal halide • High pressure sodium • Mercury vapor • Low pressure sodium • Probe-start (no incentive) vs. pulse-start method (eligible for incentive) • Glass arc-tube (no incentive) vs. ceramic arc-tube (eligible for incentive) • Increasing trend of installing T5s in Hi-Bay applications instead of metal halide

42. Examples of HID Ballasts • Constant wattage autotransformer – standard ballast used on most HID • Linear reactor – energy saving, 277-line voltage circuits only, low voltage swing tolerance • Regulated lag ballast – very tough ballast, handles voltage swings well • Electronic – relatively new product, first generation had problems with premature failures which have since been corrected

43. Other Choices - Induction • Up Side • Lots of wattage choices (55 to 165 watts) • Withstands temperature extremes • Vibration resistant • Long life (100,000 hr.) with low maintenance • Electrical wire connections not necessary for individual fixtures • Down Side • High initial cost • Lower lumen output • Often require more fixtures than metal halide or fluorescents Source: Philips

44. Additional Elements of a Lighting System

45. To Reflectorize or Not … • Specular reflectors add very little value and can increase glare problems • White reflectors are the best choice • Polished (specular) reflectors are relatively useless in industrial applications due to dust, blackening, and the likelihood of incorrect cleaning using abrasives • Even in enclosed fixtures, the reflector needs to be cleaned every 18-24 months with non-abrasive solutions

46. Lenses Come in Various Types . . . • Acrylic – typical “plastic” lens with little bumps on the exterior to diffuse the light • Prismatic – an acrylic lens with prisms or honeycombs that attempt to polarize • Louvered – small and large cell parabolic • Polarized – small cell parabolic design • Indirect/direct – pushes light up to the ceiling with some downward light

47. Fixtures are also Mounted in Different Ways . . . • Recessed – troffers, cans • Surface – boxes, ceiling, sconces • Pendant – hanging from ceiling • Chain/cable/cord – great flexibility, plug cord into ceiling outlet, a flexible cord can be used to reduce vibration • Hook & cord – Hi-Bay HID

48. Treat Lighting as a System with Specific Parts: Lamp, Reflector, Ballast, Housing

49. Fixture Efficiency • A measure of the percentage of total light exiting the fixture • For bare lamp applications, fixture efficiency is 100% • Rarely are lumens reflected out of a fixture: typical efficiencies are in the 60-80% range • Efficiency increases with a point or thin linear light source

50. Common Lighting Opportunities