Objectives

1. Objectives Identify thinkers and ideas that supported industrialization.

3. Examine unionization and legislative reform. Describe other reform movements of the 1800s.

4. Reforming the Industrial World 9.4

5. The Philosophers of Industrialization

6. Laissez-faire Economics Laissez-faire-economic policy of not interfering with business

7. Originates with Enlightenment economic philosophers

8. Adam Smith-defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations

9. Believes economic liberty guarantees economic progress

10. Economic natural laws- self-interest, competition, supply and demand

11. The Economists of Capitalism Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo boost laissez-faire capitalism

12. Capitalism-system of privately owned businesses seeking profits

13. Malthus thinks populations grow faster than food supply

14. He believed that wars and epidemics kill off extra people or misery and poverty result

15. Ricardo predicted a permanent poor underclass providing cheap labor

16. The Rise of Socialism

17. Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham�s utilitarianism-judge things by their usefulness

18. John Stuart Mill favors regulation to help workers, spread wealth

19. Utopian Ideas Robert Owen improves workers� conditions, rents cheap housing

20. In 1824, Owen founds Utopian community, New Harmony, Indiana

21. Socialism Socialism-factors of production owned by and operated by the people

22. Socialists think government control can end poverty, bring equality

23. Marxism: Radical Socialism

24. Marxism�s Prophets Karl Marx-German journalist proposes radical socialism, Marxism.

25. Fredrich Engels- German whose father owns Manchester textile mill

26. Marx and Engels wrote the Communist manifesto-

27. Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels believed society is divided into working classes

28. Capitalism helps the �haves�-employers or the Bourgeoisie.

29. Capitalism hurts the �have-nots,� workers known as proletariat

30. Marx and Engels predict the workers will overthrow the owners

31. The future according to Marx Believed that capitalism will eventually destroy itself

32. Inequality would cause workers to revolt, seize factories and mills

33. Communism-society where people own, share the means of production

34. Marx�s ideas later take root in Russia, China, Cuba

35. Time has shown that society is not controlled by economic forces alone

36. Labor Unions and Reform Laws

37. Unionization Unions-associations formed by laborers to work for change

38. Unions negotiate with employers for better pay and conditions for workers

39. Sometimes they strike-call a work stoppage-to pressure owners

40. Skilled workers were 1st to form Unions

41. Movements in Britain, U.S. must fight for right to form Unions

42. Union goals were higher wages, shorter hours, improved conditions

43. Reform Laws British, U.S. laws passed to stop worst abuses of industrialization

44. 1842 Mines Act in Britain stops women, children working underground

45. In 1847, workday for women and children limited to 10 hours in Britain U.S. ends child labor, sets maximum hours in 1904

46. The Reform Movement Spread

47. The Abolition of Slavery In 1833, reformers help end slavery in British empire

48. Slavery ends in U.S. in 1865; ends by 1888 in the rest of Americas

49. Fight for Women�s Rights Women pursue economic and social rights as early as 1848

50. International Council for Women founded in 1888; worldwide membership

51. Reform spreads to many areas of life Reformers establish free public schools in Europe in late 1800s

52. Public schools common in U.S. by 1850s Prison reforms were also sought