Germany’s ‘special path’

1. Germany’s ‘special path’ History of Germany Lecture 1

2. Tuesday, 9.30 am Jessica Howlett Claudia Kreklau Rachel Dawson Amanda Taylor Andrew Hales Jo Swarbrick Anthony Hartley Ben Norland Tuesday, 2.30 pm Jack Langmore Rebecca Neale Charlotte Allchorn Julie Richards Ben Hankinson Dean Simons Matthew Barry Rob Catton Friday, 1.00 pm Tom Makin Emily Jones Joseph Emly Martin Moore Ben Holness Peter Timothy Jack Emmingham Chris Small Friday, 9.30 am Jen Boscoe Beth Clinton Nigel Ellams Sebastian Evans Karly Melaragno Vanessa O’Donnell Elizabeth Railton

3. Schedule • German Federal Traditions • The National Anthem or ‘where is Germany?’ • Unification from Above • Nation and Nationalism • Germany’s Special Path

7. Schedule • German Federal Traditions • The National Anthem or ‘where is Germany?’ • Unification from Above • Nation and Nationalism • Germany’s Special Path

8. 1.Deutschland, Deutschland über alles,über alles in der Welt,wenn es stets zu Schutz und Trutzebrüderlich zusammenhält!Von der Maas bis an die Memel,von der Etsch bis an den Belt:|: Deutschland, Deutschland über alles,über alles in der Welt! :| 2. Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue,deutscher Wein und deutscher Sangsollen in der Welt behaltenihren alten schönen Klang,uns zu edler Tat begeisternunser ganzes Leben lang:|: Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue,deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang! :| 3. Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheitfür das deutsche Vaterland!Danach lasst uns alle strebenbrüderlich mit Herz und Hand!Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheitsind des Glückes Unterpfand;|: blüh' im Glanze dieses Glückes,blühe, deutsches Vaterland. :| 1. Germany, Germany above all,above anything in the world,when always, for protection,we stand together as brothers.From the Meuse to the Neman,from the Adige to the Belt, |: Germany, Germany above all,  above anything in the world. :| August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben

11. 1.Deutschland, Deutschland über alles,über alles in der Welt,wenn es stets zu Schutz und Trutzebrüderlich zusammenhält!Von der Maas bis an die Memel,von der Etsch bis an den Belt:|: Deutschland, Deutschland über alles,über alles in der Welt! :| 2. Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue,deutscher Wein und deutscher Sangsollen in der Welt behaltenihren alten schönen Klang,uns zu edler Tat begeisternunser ganzes Leben lang:|: Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue,deutscher Wein und deutscher Sang! :| 3. Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheitfür das deutsche Vaterland!Danach lasst uns alle strebenbrüderlich mit Herz und Hand!Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheitsind des Glückes Unterpfand;|: blüh' im Glanze dieses Glückes,blühe, deutsches Vaterland. :| 1. Germany, Germany above all,above anything in the world,when always, for protection,we stand together as brothers.From the Meuse to the Neman,from the Adige to the Belt, |: Germany, Germany above all,  above anything in the world. :| 2. German women, German fidelity,German wine and German song,Shall retain, throughout the world,Their old respected fame,To inspire us to noble deedsFor the length of our lives.German women, German fidelity,German wine and German song. 3. Unity and right and freedomFor the German Fatherland;Let us all strive to this goalBrotherly, with heart and hand.Unity and rights and freedomAre the pledge of fortune grand.Prosper in this fortune's glory,Prosper German fatherland.

12. 1. Heil dir im Siegerkranz,Herrscher des Vaterlands!Heil, Kaiser, dir!Fühl in des Thrones GlanzDie hohe Wonne ganz,Liebling des Volks zu sein!Heil Kaiser, dir! 1. Hail to thee in victor's crown,Ruler of the fatherland!Hail to thee, Kaiser!Feel in the throne's glowThe high ecstasy in fullTo be darling of thy people!Hail to thee, Kaiser!

14. Schedule • German Federal Traditions • The National Anthem or ‘where is Germany?’ • Unification from Above • Nation and Nationalism • Germany’s Special Path

15. Germania, 1914 Friedrich August von Kaulbach, 192 x 147 cm Germania 1848

18. German Dualism and the Founding of the German Empire 1859-1871 Austria Prussia Efforts to reform the German Confederation Prussia takes the lead in Germany with the help of the Zollverein (Customs Union) Breakdown of the Frankfurt Assembly of German Princes 1863 Greater Germany Lesser Germany German-Danish war 1864 Austria brings an action against Prussia in front of the Federal Diet. Prussia declares the end of the German Confederation. Alliance with Italy France neutral Prussian-Austrian War 1866 Prussia founds the North German Confederation Austria excluded from Germany Founding of the Empire in Versailles in January 1871 Declaration of war by France, July 1870 Napoleon III taken prisoner in September 1870

19. Painting by A. v. Werner

22. Constitutional Conflict in Prussia 1858: “New Era” under William I Old Liberals with 55% of the deputies in the Prussian Diet Army Reform King’s Army vs. Army of the Parliament German Progressive Party (Old Liberals 40%, Progressivists 29.3% in Diet) Constitutional conflict 1862: William I appoints Bismarck to be Minister President of Prussia “Lückentheorie”: 1862-1866, governing without legal budget Liberals with 2/3 majority in Diet Victorious wars 1864 und 1866 Founding of the National Liberal party Diet idemnifies government 1866

23. Schedule • German Federal Traditions • The National Anthem or ‘where is Germany?’ • Unification from Above • Nation and Nationalism • Germany’s Special Path

24. “Nation as a natural, God-given way of classifying men, as an inherent … political destiny, are a myth; nationalism, which sometimes takes preexisting cultures and turns them into nations, sometimes invents them, and often obliterates preexisting cultures: that is a reality”. (Ernest Gellner)

25. “Nations do not make states and nationalisms but the other way round”. (Eric Hobsbawm)

26. “A nation can therefore be defined as • a named human population • sharing an historic territory, • common myths and historical memories, • a mass public culture, • a common economy • and common legal rights and duties for all members.“ • Anthony D. Smith: National Identity. Reno, Las Vegas, London 1991, p. 14.

27. http://nationalismproject.org

28. Schedule • German Federal Traditions • The National Anthem or ‘where is Germany?’ • Unification from Above • Nation and Nationalism • Germany’s Special Path

29. Friedrich II (Frederick II the Great ), King of Prussia, as commander of his troops Painting by Antoine Pesne, 1745

30. Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

31. Wilhelm II Field Marshal of the Reich Paul von Hindenburg

33. Germany’s ‘special path’ (Deutscher Sonderweg) Distinctive German way to modernity which contrasts with the standard (West European, British, French) way • Industrialization: belated industrial revolution, several decades after that of England • Failed bourgeois revolution in Germany (defeat of the democratic revolution of 1848) • German unification not a result of the success of a liberal and democratic movement but created by the militarist Prussian state (born in war) • Weimar republic not accepted by large part of the population, seen as a result of the defeat and forced onto Germany by the victorious Entente • Continuous dominance of antidemocratic, reactionary elites (ostelbian agrarians, estate owners and “big business”) • Traditions of Prussian militarism • Culminating in: Third Reich, seen as logical result of the German “special path”