Tibor Rudisch PhD Associate professor Psychiatric Clinic Psychiatric Rehabilitation Ward Pulz u. szote.u-szeged.hu/inde

1. Tibor Rudisch PhD Associate professor • Psychiatric Clinic Psychiatric Rehabilitation Ward • Pulz u. • http://www.szote.u-szeged.hu/indexnf.htm • Általános Orvostudományi Kar, Faculty of medicine • Egységek • Magatartástudományi intézet/Institute of Behavioural Science • Katalin Barabás habil. PhD leading associate professor • Szentháromság u. • EDUCATION • Year • II. Semester

2. INSRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION FOR MEDICAL-, AND DENTISTRY STUDENTS • Ist year 2009/2010 2nd semester • Lecture time: Wednesday, 13-14 hours • Veneue: Oktatástechnikai Központ tanterme • Basic Elements and Methods of Psychologythe Origin of the Science • 03.02. • 2. Brain and Behaviour: the nature and Function of the Brain and of the Psychological Processes. Localisation of the Function • 10.02. • Sensation and perception. Psychological Aspects of Perception I • 17.02. • Sensation and perception. Psychological Aspects of Perception II • 25.02. • Memory, Encoding, Storing, Retrieving and Forgetting • 03.03. • Motivation and Emotion. The Nature of Motivation and Emotion • 10.03.

3. 7. Human consciousness. Attention and arousal. Sleep and dream. • 17.03. • Intelligence I. The Nature of Intelligence, Intelligence Tests. • 24.03. • Intelligence II. The Structure of the Intellect, Extremes of Intelligence, Heredity an Environment • 31.03. • Basic elements of learning. Classical (espondent) conditioning. • 14.04 • Basic elements of learning. Operant (instrumental) conditioning. • 21.04 • Basic element of learning. The Cognitive approach to learning. • 28.04. • Social context. Norms, Roles and Socialisation • 05.05. • Thinking and Language • 12.05

4. Topic list PSYCHOLOGY (Detailed and limited version) 1st year 2009/2010. 2nd semester ESE oral 1.Basic elements and methods of psychology. 1.1. What is Psychology, The Goals of Psychology, The Scientific Method in Psychology (4-7pp) 1.2. Methods of Psychological Research, (8-12pp) 1.3. Experimentation, the Elements of an Experiment (12-16pp) 1.4. The Origin of a Science, The Roots of Psychology (16-22pp) 1.5. Major perspectives within Psychology, (23-28pp) 2.Brain and Behaviour: the Nature and Function of the Brain and of the psychological processes. Localisation of the functions. 2.1. The Nature and Function of the Brain, The relationship of the Brain and the Nervous System, The Neuron (40-48pp) 2.2. Neurotransmitters and Behaviour, The Endocrine System (48-53pp) 2.3. The Organization of the Brain, Phrenology- a False Beginning, Language and the Brain- Localization of Functions (53- 56pp) 2.4. The Three Major System of the Brain, The Cerebral Cortex, Function of the cortex, sensory and motor areas (56-68pp) 2.5. Brain, Behaviour and Cognition, Monitoring the Activity of the Brain, Imaging the Living Brain (68-74pp) 2.6. Human Consciousness and the Split Brain (74-80pp)

5. 3. Sensation and perception. Psychological Aspects of Perceptions I. 3.1. General Characteristic of Sensation, Sensation, Perception, Thresholds (84-88pp) 3.2. The Visual Sense (88-96pp) 3.3. The Auditory Sense (96-104pp) 4. Sensation and perception. Psychological Aspects of Perceptions II. 4.1. The Other Senses (104-113pp) 4.2. The process of perception, Organisation and Perception, Form perception-, and the Brain(Gestalt), (Hubel and Wiesel) (113-118pp) 4.3. Depth and distance perception. Perceptual Constancies, Illusion (118-127pp) 5. Human Memory. Forming Memories, Retrieving Memories, Forgetting. 5.1. Forming Memories, Encoding (256-260pp) 5.2. Forming Memories, Storage (206-268pp) 5.3. Retrieving Memories, Organization, Retrieval Cues, Context and Retrieval, Construction and Distortion During Recall (268-274pp) 5.4. Forgetting, Ebbinghaus’s Pioneering Studies (274-279pp)

6. 6. Motivation and Emotion. The nature of Motivation and Emotion. 6.1. The nature of Motivation, Instinct-, Drive, Arousal, Opponent-Process, Incentive theories (132-138pp) 6.2. Social motivation: theory and research , Classification of Human Motives, Important Social Motives (154-161pp) 6.3. The nature of emotion, what is emotion, classifying emotions, body changes in emotion, Theories of emotion (161-173pp) 7.Human consciousness. Attention and arousal. 7.1. Normal waking Consciousness, Subconscious Mental Activity, Consciousness and Attention, Unconscious information Processing (178-184pp) 7.2. Sleep and Dreams, Stages of Sleep, Dreaming Sleep, A night’s Sleep, The Need to Sleep (184-190pp) 7.3.The Nature of Dreams, The Need to Dream, Dream Theories 190-194pp) 8.Intelligence 8.1. The Nature of Intelligence, Intelligence Tests, (390-399pp) 9.Inteligence 9.1. The Structure of the Intellect, Extremes of Intelligence, Heredity, Environment, and Intelligence, (399-410pp)

7. 10.Basic elements of learning. Classical (respondent) conditioning. 10.1. Conditioning and Learning, What is learning, Classical Conditioning, Process in Classical Conditioning, Classical Conditioning and Human Behaviour. (216-224pp) 11. Basic Element of Learning. Operant (instrumental) conditioning. 11.1. Conditioning and Learning, What is learning, Operant Conditioning, Thorndike’s Puzzle Box, The consequences of Behaviour, Process in Operant conditioning, Operant Conditioning and Human Behaviour (224-231pp) 12.Basic Element if Learning. TheCognitive approach to learning. 12.1. Conditioning and Learning, What is learning, The cognitive Approach to Learning, Insight Learning in Chimps, observational learning, Learned Helplessness, Cognitive or Stimulus-response Learning (247-251pp) 13. Social context. Norms, Roles and Socialisation. 13.1. Social Cognition, Impression Formation and Attribution, (422-429pp) 13.2. Attitudes and Beliefs, (430-439pp) 13.3. Prejudice and Stereotypes, (440-444pp) 13.4. Interpersonal Attraction, (444-451pp)

8. 14. Thinking and Language. 14.1. The Nature of Thinking, Concept, Problem solving, (294-301pp) 14.2. The Nature of Thinking, Reasoning, Decision Making, Artificial Intelligence, (302-306pp) 14.3. Language, The Nature of language, Spoken Language, Development of Language, Babbling, Single words, Word combination, Sentences and Complex Constructions (306-317pp) 14.4. Theories of Language Development, (314-317pp) 14.5. Language and Though, Language in Other Species, (317.326pp) Obligatory Literature: PSYCHOLOGY, Andrew B. Crider, Robert D. Kavanaugh, George R. Goethals, Paul R,. Solomon, Fourth Edition, 1993 by HarperCollins College Publisher.

9. Literature • Psychology and Medical Care. Gerry Kent, Mary Dalgleish • Introduction to Psychology Rita L. Atkinson at all. • Psychology. Andrew B. Crider at all • http://www.szote.u-szeged.hu/aok/maine.htm • University of Szeged Faculty of Medicine • Departments • Department of Psychiatry • Library

10. Outline The philosophical origins of psychology Schools of thought in psychology Areas of psychology Psychological perspectives

11. Philosophical perspectives Introspectionism and behaviourism European psychology Clinical psychology The cognitive revolution Ethics and methodology Areas of psychology Perspectives Topics

12. Influential Philosophers Philosophical background Darwin’s Theory of evolution Descartes Dualism Locke’s empiricism Mind and body separate Measurement + observation Adaptation

13. Descartes (1596-1650) • Cartesian dualism - the mind and the body considered to be separate • Mind centre of thought and consciousness • Body physical and automatic actions • Influence on Western medical thinking • Animal/human distinction • Animals instinctive vs. • Human reasoning

14. Locke (1632 - 1704) • Empiricism • only observable and measurable facts count as data • Behaviourist outcome • Associationism • all learning based on associations • complex chains of associations form from life experiences

15. Darwin (1859) • Theory of evolution • organisms change through adaptation • if adaptation improves chances of survival • survival of the fittest • Animal/human comparison • humans part of the evolutionary continuum • animal behaviour evolves into human behaviour?

16. Historical links 1879 Present European psychology Tajfel- Social identity theory Introspectionism Wundt, Ebbighaus & James Gestalt school Descartes dualism Humanistic approach Americanapproach Watson’s Behaviourism Classical + Cognitive revolution Locke’s empiricism Operant conditioning Freud’s psychoanalysis Clinical psychology Person centred therapy Darwin’s evolutionary theory Aversion therapy & behaviour modification Piagetian cognitive development

17. Introspectionism involves analysing and reporting own experiences or that of highly trained assistants Wundt studied consciousness and social awareness James studied individual experience from memory to emotion Ebbinghause worked on human memory Watson challenged introspectionist approach in 1913 as non-scientific impossible to study mind due to lack of observable phenomena verification important Stimulus-response associations (see Locke) fitted modernist thinking of time Classical and Operant conditioning Introspectionism & behaviourism

18. Behaviourist ‘Black Box’ approach Brain seen as a ‘black box’ Response Stimulus

19. European psychology

20. Developed by Sigmund Freud as a way to explain human psychological problems Based on a non-rational approach Identified the role of the unconscious mind in the control of human behaviour Developed the concept of dynamic forces of the id, ego and superego that control human behaviour Research based on Freud’s case studies using a phenomenological approach Psychoanalysis

21. Behaviour therapy • Dollard (1939) reconceptualised psychoanalysis using a behaviourist perspective • Based therapy on behaviour conditioning • Aversion therapy involves conditioned avoidance • Utilises principles of classical conditioning developed by Pavlov • Behaviour modification techniques utilise operant conditioning techniques • Aim to model more appropriate behaviours based on Bandura’s work on imitation

22. Humanistic Psychology • Carl Rogers work was based on positive personal growth • It used an holistic approach • Developed the concept of self-actualisation to which personal growth is directed • Abraham Maslow worked in the area of human motivation • Saw self -actualisation as the ultimate goal of motivation in an hierarchy of social need

23. The cognitive revolution • Established to overcome the ‘black-box’ limitations of the Behaviourist approach • Took psychology back to the study of the mind • Laboratory based research using human participants • Two limitations of the approach are; • the exclusive of laboratory research • Computer metaphor ignores social factors • Other shifts from this approach have been interest in • social cognition • cognitive neuro-psychology • animal cognition

24. ‘Black-box’ revisited Trying to explain processes within the brain Response Stimulus 1 2 3 4 Mental processes

25. Ethics and methodology • Growth of concern about ethical issues in recent years • manipulative approach of experiments • deception the norm • human rights concerns • more use of triangulation • different methods • same area • Participants not subjects • Growth of use of self-report techniques

26. Areas of Psychology

27. Psychological perspectives Intentionality Reductionism and interactionism Free will & determinism Perspectives and issues in psychology Levels of analysis Nomothetic, Idiographic and Hermeneutic explanations Nature/nurture debates

28. Basic elements and methods of psychology. The origins of the science What is Psychology? Psychology can be defined as the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. The Goals of Psychology: To describe, explain, and predict behaviour and mental processes, and to use the knowledge gained through study to promote human welfare. The Scientific Method in Psychology The scientific method is an approach to defining problems, designing and conducting studies, and drawing conclusion that enables other scientists to have confidence in the data that are collected and the conclusions that are drawn.

29. Major origins of the Science • Naturalistic observation • The case study • Surveys • Correlational studies • Experimentation • The Origins of the Science • The biopsychological perspective • The psychodynamic perspective • The behavioural perspective • The humanistic perspective • The cognitive perspective

30. Table 1.1. The Steps of the Scientific Method • Specify the problem • State the hypothesis in a testable way. • 2. Design and conduct the study • Create operational definitions • Eliminate bias • 3. Collect the data • Subject the collected data to statistical analysis • Draw conclusions • 4. Report the conclusions • Publish the results of the study

31. Table 1.2. The Elements of an Experiment: An Illustration of Liebert and Baron’s (1972) Study „Some Effects of Televised Violence on Children”

32. Figure 1.2 Psychology’s first century 1859 Origin of Species, Darwin 1861- 1865 U.S. Civil War 1869 U.S. transcontinental railroad completed 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone .S. centennial 1903 Wright brothers invent airplane 1929 Stock market crash 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbour 1969 First men land on moon 1976 U.S. bicentennial 1987 Bicentennial of he U.S. Constitution 1875 Wundt and James found first psychological laboratories 1888 Francis Galton develops correlations 1890 Principles of Psychology, James 1892 G.Stanley Hall founds the American Psychological Association 1900 The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud; Pavlov begins studying conditioning 1913 „Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It.” Watson 1928 Hans Berger discovers method of recording EEG 1938 The Behaviour of Organisms, Skinner 1951 Client-Centered Therapy, Rogers 1953 Motivation and Personality, Maslow 1967 Cognitive Psychology, Neisser 1981 Roger Sperry wins Nobel Prize 1983 Centennial celebration of the funding of G. Stanley Hall’s laboratory at Johns Hopkins University

33. Table 1.3 Divisions of the American Psychological Association • APA • Division • Number APA Division Name • Division of General Psychology • Division on the Teaching of Psychology • Division of Experimental Psychology • Division of Evaluation and Measurement • Division of Physiological and Comparative Psychology • Division on Developmental Psychology • The Society of Personality and Social Psychology • Te Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues • Division of Psychology and the Arts • 12 Division of Clinical Psychology • Division of Consulting Psychology • The Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Inc. • Division of Educational Psychology • Division of School Psychology • Division of Counselling Psychology • Division of Psychologists in Public Service • Division of Military Psychology • Division of Adult Development and Aging • Division of Applied Experimental and Engineering Psychologists

34. Division of Rehabilitation Psychology • Division of Consumer Psychology • Division of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology • Division for the Experimental Analysis of Behaviour • Division of the History of Psychology • Division of Community Psychology • Division of Psychopharmacology • Division of Psychotherapy • Division of Psychological Hypnosis • Division of State Psychological Association Affairs • Division of Humanistic Psychology • Division of Mental Retardation • Division of Population and Environmental Psychology • Division of Psychology of Women • Psychologists Interested in Religious Issues (PIRI) • Division of Child, Youth, and Family Services

35. 38 Division of Health Psychology 39 Division of Psychoanalysis 40 Division of Clinical Neuropsychology 41 Division of Psychology and Law 42 Division of Psychologists in Independent Practice 43 Division of Family Psychology 44 The Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian and Gay Issues 45 Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues 46 Division of Media Psychology 47 Division of Exercise and Sport Psychology (Note: There are no Divisions 4 or 11.

36. Psychology vs. Psychiatry • Clinical Psychologist (PhD) • -a speciality in psychology • Clinical psychologist • -uses psychological tests and psychotherapy to the diagnostics and treatment of psychological disorders • Psychiatrist (M.D.) • A speciality in medicine • - psychiatrist • . May prescribe medication and use psychotherapy