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Access to Higher Education Diversity Issues Presentation

Access to Higher Education Diversity Issues Presentation. Presented By Heidi Heuh Kristin Maxwell Paula Susan. Introduction. Systemic inequities are barriers to higher education access Socio Economic Status Special Education System Institutional interventions can produce equity gains

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Access to Higher Education Diversity Issues Presentation

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  1. Access to Higher EducationDiversity Issues Presentation Presented By Heidi Heuh Kristin Maxwell Paula Susan

  2. Introduction • Systemic inequities are barriers to higher education access • Socio Economic Status • Special Education System • Institutional interventions can produce equity gains • Scholarships and Grant Programs • Career Counseling/College Guidance HRD/WCFE 5821

  3. Definitions • Higher Education • HEA 2003—Section 101 • Any postsecondary institution granting a certificate or degree. • Equal Opportunity • The University of Minnesota is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to its programs, facilities, and employment without regard to race, color, creed, religion, national origin, sex, age, marital status, disability, public assistance status, veteran status, or sexual orientation. HRD/WCFE 5821

  4. Importance of Access to Higher Education HRD/WCFE 5821

  5. Importance of Access to Higher Education • In 1999: Compared to the High School Graduate Annual Earnings • H.S. Dropout -- 25% less • Some College -- 25% more • Bachelor’s Degree -- 75% more • Advanced degree – 150+% more • Trend is for earnings gap to increase between education attainment levels Source: US Census Bureau (2003). Table C: Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003 [Online] Retrieved: 11/3/2004 http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf HRD/WCFE 5821

  6. Importance of Access to Higher Education Source: US Census Bureau (2003). Table C: Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003 [Online] Retrieved: 11/3/2004 http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf HRD/WCFE 5821

  7. Earnings and Educational Attainment • Higher educational attainment means higher earnings • Inequities exist between groups • Sex: Women earn less than Men • Race: Average earnings for Black only is less than any other race group, but more than Women • Hispanic Origin: Average earnings for Hispanic (of any race) is less than any other race group; less than women HRD/WCFE 5821

  8. Educational Attainment • Inequities exist between population groups • Hispanics attain less education at all levels and age groupings • Rankings by population group 25-29 years for all levels of education Source: US Census Bureau (2003). Figure 3:Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003 HRD/WCFE 5821

  9. Educational Attainment • Inequities exist between Native and Foreign born population groups in higher education • Overall: bachelors level equal attainment • Native compared to Foreign Born attainment • Hispanic (of any race) Native attainment greater than foreign born • Asian native or foreign born attain education at the highest per cent at all levels Source: US Census Bureau (2003). Figure 3:Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003 HRD/WCFE 5821

  10. The Structure of Education in the United States BARRIERS ACCESS Source: National Center for Education Statistics (2002). Chapter 1: All levels of education. Figure 1: The structure of education in the United States. Digest of Education Statistics, 2002 [Online]. Retrieved 11/11/04http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/ch_1f.asp HRD/WCFE 5821

  11. Selected Education Access Issues • Legislation and Funding • Brief History: Adversity, Access and Advocacy • Demographics: Socio-economic Status (SES) • Overrepresentation of African Americans in Special Education/Developmental Education • Career Guidance/College Guidance HRD/WCFE 5821

  12. Access to Higher Education Legislation and Funding

  13. Legislation and Funding • Important Access Legislation • Access to Higher Education Timeline • Selected Access Legislation • Legislative Issues • Funded: Federal financial supports for Access • Impact: Legal Intent vs. Real Life HRD/WCFE 5821

  14. Civil Rights Law of 1964 • Enforce constitutional rights and provide relief against discrimination • Intent: Support HE desegregation • Stakeholders: Federally funded Institutions and minority groups • Funded: Title VI legal principles & standards compliance manual • Impact: • Guided 30+ federal financial assistance agencies in civil rights compliance to promote desegregation • Extended educational access rights to minority groups HRD/WCFE 5821

  15. Higher Education Act (HEA) of 1965; 1992; 2004 • Make higher education available to all students with the ability and desire to succeed • Intent: Increase early college awareness, need-based financial assistance and academic student support • Stakeholders: Higher Education Institutions and students with low socio-economic status (SES) • Funded: Federal financial assistance to colleges, universities and students • Impact: • Increased post-secondary education opportunity and access for all • Today 2/3 of college students receive financial aid: Federal, State, or Private funds HRD/WCFE 5821

  16. Rehabilitation Act of 1973--Section 504 • Protect the civil rights of persons with disability • Intent: Improve identification, equal access and accommodation to students with disability at federally funded institutions • Stakeholders: States, Higher Education Institutions and students with disabilities • Funded: State rehabilitation services: evaluation, counseling, training, placement, technology • Impact: • Increased access to job education and employment • Chronic Federal under-funding limits effectiveness HRD/WCFE 5821

  17. Carl D. Perkins Act of 1984 • Prohibits discrimination against students who have disabilities, are disadvantaged, or where English is their second language. • Intent: Equal access to recruitment, enrollment and placement in vocational education programs. • Stakeholders: Students with disabilities, low SES, or E.L.L; Post-secondary Vocational Institutions • Funded: Vocational Technical Education programs and services to youth and adults—mostly State education agencies • Impact: • Increased supported learning opportunities for students with disability, disadvantage or English language learning needs at vocational-technical institutions HRD/WCFE 5821

  18. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 • Prohibit discrimination of the basis of disability. • Intent: Increase access to training for employment for individuals with documented disability by providing accommodations and removing barriers. • Stakeholders: Persons with disabilities, Non-sectarian private schools, public schools and institutions • Funded: Research and enforcement of civil rights • National Institute for Disability and Rehabilitative Research • Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) : Civil Rights Enforcement • Impact: • Increased civil rights for persons with disability • Chronic under-funding limits civil rights enforcement HRD/WCFE 5821

  19. Access to Higher Education Brief History: Adversity, Access and Advocacy

  20. Adversity and Access: Court Cases • Adversity • Court Cases that Changed Access to Education • Plessy vs. Ferguson – 1892 – Louisiana • Incarcerated for sitting on “White” only car – 1/8 black & 7/8 white • In Louisiana he was considered black—lost case to Supreme Court • Justice John Harlan “Our Constitution is color blind” (Minority Opinion) • Gave rise to “separate but equal” policy • G.W. Mclaurin v. Oklahoma State – 1940’s • Admitted to University only to be isolated from the student body • Took case to the Supreme Court and won • Unconstitutional to deny equal protection under the law—violation of the 14th Amendment HRD/WCFE 5821

  21. Adversity and Access:Court Cases • Brown v. Board of Education • A black third-grader named Linda Brown had to walk one mile through a railroad switchyard to get to her elementary school even though a white elementary school was only seven blocks away. • Oliver Brown (Linda’s father) tried to enroll her in the school but the principal refused to let her in. • Brown went to Mckinley Burnett, the head of Topeka’s branch of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and asked for help. • The U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas heard Brown’s case. • The NAACP argued that segregated schools sent the message to black children that they were inferior to whites; therefore, the schools were inherently unequal. HRD/WCFE 5821

  22. Adversity and Access:Court Cases • Brown v. Board of Education Continued • One of the expert witnesses, Dr. Hugh W. Speer, testified that: “…if the colored children are denied the experience in school of associating with white children, who represent 90 percent of our national society in which these colored children must live, then the colored child’s curriculum is being greatly curtailed. The Topeka curriculum or any school curriculum cannot be equal under segregation.” Source: Knappman, E.W., editor (1994). Great American Trials. Detroit: Visible Ink, 467; HRD/WCFE 5821

  23. Advocacy • Advocacy Organizations • NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • www.naacp.org • UNCF: United Negro College Fund • www.uncf.org/index.asp • CORE (The Congress of Racial Equality) • Through sit-ins and picket lines CORE had success in integrating Northern public facilities in the 1940’s • www.core-online.org/history • Other Resources HRD/WCFE 5821

  24. Access to Higher Education Demographics: Socio-Economic Status (SES)

  25. Demographics: Socio-Economic Status (SES) • Average cost of tuition is rising • 4 yr schools • 2 year schools • Family’s abilities to pay (average) • How we can help or what we can do • Scholarships that are available to African American students. a. website to go to b. how to apply and who is eligible HRD/WCFE 5821

  26. Access to Higher Education Overrepresentation of African Americans in Special Education

  27. Overrepresentation of African Americans in Special Ed. • Special Education Criteria • An Equal Education for African Americans • Overrepresentation of African Americans • Causes • Demographics HRD/WCFE 5821

  28. Overrepresentation of African Americans in Special Ed. HRD/WCFE 5821

  29. Access to Higher Education Impact of Career Counseling and College Guidance

  30. Impact of Career Counseling and College Guidance • Career Counselor Goals: Help young people to • Prepare for college in higher education institutions and/or vocational training centers • Select appropriate careers • Use available occupational information HRD/WCFE 5821

  31. Conclusion • Unequal access to higher education • Institutional reinforcement of existing power • Systemic oppression • Equal access to higher education can be achieved • Laws & Enforcement • Advocacy & Lobby HRD/WCFE 5821

  32. Resource Links • Resources • Article Links • Presentation • Handouts • Bibliography • http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gale0025/WCFE_5821 HRD/WCFE 5821

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