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Phylum Aves

Phylum Aves Birds Evolution of birds Adapted for flight – very successful adaptation Evolved from two-legged dinosaurs called theropods. Often called feathered dinosaurs Characteristics Like reptiles, scales and claws on feet Feathers Wings Endotherms Feet Scales Claws on toes

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Phylum Aves

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  1. Phylum Aves Birds

  2. Evolution of birds • Adapted for flight – very successful adaptation • Evolved from two-legged dinosaurs called theropods. • Often called feathered dinosaurs

  3. Characteristics • Like reptiles, scales and claws on feet • Feathers • Wings • Endotherms

  4. Feet • Scales • Claws on toes • Adapted for many functions • Grasping • Perching’ • Running • Swimming • Climbing • Scratching

  5. Grasping (raptors) • Scratching (pheasants) • Swimming (ducks) • Perching (robins) • Running (ostrich) • Climbing (woodpecker)

  6. Feathers! The only organisms with this • Lightweight • Modified scale • Preening – waterproofing by using beak to rub oil onto feather from tail gland

  7. Feather Anatomy

  8. Down feathers: Act as insulation Contour (flight) feathers: tiny interlocking hooks Types of Feathers

  9. Wings • Modification of front limbs • powerful flight muscles • Sternum looks like the keel of a boat and attaches to flight muscles

  10. Strong enough to produce lift/flight • Long, narrow wings = soaring on updrafts • Short, broad wings = short flights among trees

  11. Endotherms – warm blooded – • Maintain constant body temp through internal means Allows birds to live in a variety of habitats • Requires lot of energy to maintain body temp

  12. How Birds Cool Off Birds cool themselves by: • flattening the wings an hold them away from the body • panting

  13. Birds reduce heat loss by fluffing up feathers and trapping a layer of air

  14. Reproduction • Internal Fertilization • Amniotic Egg

  15. Amniotic Egg • Laid inside nest • Hard shell (unlike soft reptile shell) • Distinctive characteristics can be used to identify species

  16. Egg Identification Distinctive characteristics can be used to identify species (color, size, shape)

  17. Nests • May be straw, twigs • May be scratched into sand • May be seasonal or kept for years • Birds remain with nest to sit on, periodically turn, and hatch eggs • Some birds take turns sitting on eggs. In some species, only one parent does it.

  18. Nests A martin’s nest of twigs and leaves

  19. Weaver Bird Nest

  20. Blue Bird Nest

  21. Goose Nest

  22. Eagle Nest

  23. Hummingbird Nest

  24. Osprey Nest

  25. Flamingo Nest

  26. Owl’s Nest

  27. Adaptations • Project: each group takes a species of bird and researches/presents adaptations. • See notes

  28. Modifications for Flight • Four chambered heart • Wings • Hollow Bones • Modified Legs • Toothless beaks • Respiratory system • Digestive system

  29. Four chambered heart • Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood • Delivers more oxygen to cells

  30. Feathers on the Wing • Primaries – attach to hand • Secondaries – attach to arm • Coverts – cover the area where primaries and secondaries attach to the bones

  31. Hollow Bones • Decrease body weight • Strengthened by crosspieces

  32. Beak without Teeth • Made of keratin • Lack of heavy teeth reduces weight

  33. Legs • Mostly skin, bone, tendons • Adapted for perching, swimming, or gripping prey

  34. Digestive System • Must consume large amounts of food for energy • Birds swallow stones to help grind up food in gizzard

  35. Respiratory System • Air sacs: A holding area for oxygenated air • When bird exhales, oxygenated air enters lungs immediately from air sacs • Oxygen is available for lungs inhaling and exhaling.

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