1998 cessna 172 s

1. 1998 Cessna 172 S For Training Use Only Obtain actual weights, c.g, fluid capacities and dimensions from the Pilot Operating Handbook for your actual Training airplane.

2. This presentation is based on the POH for the 1998 Cessna 172 S, and covers the following sections of that manual. Section 1 General

3. Remember to verify all information with your actual POH

4. Section 1 Descriptive Data

5. Aircraft Dimensions

6. Aircraft Dimensions

7. Engine

8. Engine Manufactured by Textron Lycoming

9. Propeller

10. Propeller Manufactured by McCauley

11. Fuel

12. Fuel

13. Fuel 2 integral tanks [one in each wing] hold the fuel The Un-usable fuel includes fuel in the feed lines within the wing struts, Fuel Reservoir, and associated plumbing The System is Gravity Feed, and uses an Electric Auxiliary Fuel Pump for priming the Fuel Injection system There are 13 Fuel Drains 5 below each wing tank 3 below the nose These drains should be tested for water and contamination prior to flight

14. Fuel This aircraft is equipped with a Fuel Selector Valve that allows Fuel to flow from Left, Right, or Both Fuel tanks. BOTH is the Normal selection. A FUEL SHUT-OFF is also installed in this aircraft for use in Emergency Procedures, or for prolonged Storage.

15. Fuel Total Capacity 56 gallons Total Useable 53 gallons Total Each Tank 28 gallons Total Useable 26.5 gallons Non-Useable 3 gallons

16. OIL Grade appropriate to temperature ranges Often this is 15w50 or 20w50 Check Maintenance Records for actual type used in your aircraft.

17. Electrical System System is 28 Volt DC Powered by a belt driven 60 amp alternator Supplying a 24 Volt Battery Battery is located forward of Firewall, Left Side Current is supplied Through Split Primary Bus Bars 1 and 2 Essential Bus is wired between the 2 primaries to energize Master, �..Annunciator, and Interior Lighting Each Primary is connected to an Avionics Bus by the Avionics Master Continued�����.

18. Electrical SystemContinued Master Switch is a Split Rocker type switch labeled MASTER On is in the up Position, Off is in the Down Position The Right Half is labeled BAT and connects Battery Power to Buses The Left Half is labeled ALT, connects the Alternator Normally, BAT and ALT are used simultaneously BAT can be turned on to check electrical equipment on the ground When the ALT switch is OFF the entire system runs on battery

19. Electrical SystemContinued LOW VOLTAGE Annunciator, Will Illuminate when Voltage falls below 24.5 Volts OVERVOLTAGE :Alternator Control Unit automatically opens the ALT FLD circuit breaker, Shutting Off the Alternator Under these conditions, with normal power use, a low voltage condition will occur eventually, and the Low Volt annunciator will illuminate The Alternator Control unit may be then reset by resetting the ALT FLD circuit breaker If this occurs a second time, terminate the flight

20. Maximum Certificated Weights Ramp Weight Normal Category 2558 Ramp Weight Utility Category 2208 Takeoff Weight Normal Category 2250 Takeoff Weight Utility Category 2200 Landing Weight Normal Category 2550 Landing Weight Utility Category 2200

21. Baggage Compartment Weights Normal Category Area 1 120 lbs Area 2 50 lbs Maximum Combined Area 1 and 2 120 lbs

22. Baggage Compartment Weights Utility Category In this Category the Rear Seat must be un-occupied, and the baggage compartment must be empty.

23. Standard Airplane Weights Standard Empty Weight 1663 Normal Category Useful load 895 Utility Category Useful Load 545

24. Specific Loadings Wing Loading: 14.7 lbs./sq. ft. Power Loading: 14.2 lbs./sq. ft.

25. Baggage Compartment Weights Relate to Category Normal Category Area 1 120 lbs Area 2 50 lbs Maximum Combined Area 1 and 2 120 lbs

26. Section 2 Limitations

27. Airspeed Limitations

28. Airspeed Limitations VNE [ Red Line ]

29. Airspeed Limitations VNO [Upper Limit of Green Arc ]

30. Airspeed Limitations VA

31. Airspeed Limitations Flap Extension

32. Airspeed Limitations VFE

33. Airspeed Limitations Max window open speed

34. Airspeed Indicator Markings White Arc 40 - 85

35. Airspeed Indicator Markings Green Arc 48 - 129

36. Airspeed Indicator Markings Yellow Arc 129 - 163

37. Airspeed Indicator Markings Red Line 163

38. Power Plant Limitations Maximum Power

39. Power Plant Limitations Engine Operating Limits for Takeoff and Continuous Operations

40. Power Plant Limitations Static RPM Range at Full Throttle

41. Power Plant Limitations Maximum Oil Temperature

42. Power Plant Limitations Oil Pressure

43. Power Plant Limitations Oil Grade

44. Power Plant Limitations Engine Oil : 15w50 or 20w50 Check Maintenance Records for actual type used in your aircraft.

45. Power Plant Instrument Markings Tachometer

46. Power Plant Instrument Markings Oil Temperature

47. Power Plant Instrument Markings Oil Pressure

48. Power Plant Instrument Markings Fuel Quantity

49. Power Plant Instrument Markings Fuel Flow

50. Power Plant Instrument Markings Vacuum Gage

51. Normal and Utility Categories Review of Category of Aircraft

52. Normal and Utility Categories FAR Part 23 Normal Category

53. Normal and Utility Categories FAR Part 23 Normal Category

54. Normal and Utility Categories FAR Part 23 Utility Category

55. CG Limits and Categories FAR Part 23 Utility Category

56. Normal Category Weight Limits Ramp Weight 2558 Takeoff Weight 2550 Landing Weight 2550 Baggage Area 1 120 Baggage Area 2 50 Combined Baggage 120

57. Normal Category CG Limits Forward Limit: 35 inches aft of datum at 1950 lbs or less To 41 inches aft of datum at 2550 lbs.

58. Utility Category Weight Limits Ramp Weight 2208 Takeoff 2200 Landing 2200 Baggage Area 1 and 2 Empty Rear Seat Empty

59. Utility Category CG Limits Forward Limit: 35 inches aft of datum at 1950 lbs or less To 37.5 inches aft of datum at 2200 lbs.

60. Maneuver LimitsNormal Category Any maneuver incidental to normal flying Stalls Slow Deceleration Steep Turns 95 knots Chandelles 105 knots Lazy Eights 105 knots Spins are not mentioned in the POH under Normal Category limits, and are considered prohibited in this category.

61. Maneuver LimitsUtility Category Any maneuver incidental to normal flying Stalls Slow Deceleration Steep Turns 95 knots Chandelles 105 knots Lazy Eights 105 knots Spins Slow Deceleration

62. Flight Load Factor LimitsNormal Category

63. Flight Load Factor LimitsUtility Category

64. Kinds of Operation Limits

65. Fuel Limitations

66. Fuel Limitations

67. Fuel limitations To maximize fuel loading, place the fuel selector to Left or Right. This prevents Cross-Feed during fueling There are safety consideration with operating on just one tank.

68. Fuel Limitations

69. Fuel Limitations

70. Fuel Limitations

71. Fuel Limitations

72. Other Limitations

73. Section 3 Emergency Procedures

74. Airspeeds for Emergency Operation

75. Airspeeds for Emergency Operation

76. Airspeeds for Emergency Operation

77. Airspeeds for Emergency Operation

78. Emergency ProceduresChecklists

79. Engine Failure During Takeoff Throttle Idle Brakes Apply Flaps Retract Mixture Idle Cut-off Ignition Off Master Off

80. Engine Failure Immediately After Takeoff Airspeed 70 flaps up 65 flaps down Mixture Idle Cut-off Fuel Shutoff Off PULL OUT Ignition Off Flaps As Required Master Off Doors Open Land Straight Ahead Best Site

81. Engine Failure During Flight[Restart Procedure] Airspeed 68 Fuel Shutoff ON PUSH ON Fuel Selector Both Auxiliary Fuel Pump On Mixture Rich [if Restart has not occurred] If Prop is windmilling, the engine will restart within a few seconds. If Prop has stopped turning, Turn Ignition to START Advance Throttle Slowly from Idle, the adjust mixture for smoothness If The FUEL FLOW drops to Zero, Turn on Auxiliary Fuel Pump

82. Precautionary Landing Without Engine Power Passenger Seat Backs Upright Position Seats and Seat Belts Secure Airspeed 70 Flaps Up 65 Flaps Down Mixture Idle Cut Off Fuel Shutoff Valve OFF PULL OUT Ignition Off Flaps As Required [30 deg. advised] Master Off Doors Open Touchdown Slightly Tail Low Brakes Apply Heavily

83. Precautionary Landing With Engine Power Passenger Seat Backs Upright Position Seats and Seat Belts Secure Airspeed 65 Flaps 20 degrees Selected Field : Fly over to evaluate, Climb to appropriate patter altitude and retract Flaps at safe airspeed Avionics Master Off Flaps 30 degrees on Final Airspeed 65 Master Off Doors Open Touchdown Slightly Tail Low Ignition Off Brakes Apply Heavily

84. Ditching Review POH for this Procedure Minimize Descent to 300 FPM at 55 kts Prepare to protect Face with available items Open Doors Activate ELT Touchdown parallel to swells, Level Attitude Evacuate Airplane Use Floatation Devices OUT OF AIRPLANE

85. FIRE During Engine Start[Engine has started] Ignition Start, continue cranking for a start Set Power to 1800 RPM Follow Shutdown Procedures Evacuate and Inspect for Damage

86. Engine Fire During Start[Engine has not started] Throttle Full Open Mixture Idle Cut-off Cranking Continue Fuel Shut-Off OFF PULL OUT Auxiliary Fuel Pump Off Fire Extinguisher Activate Engine Secure Master Off Ignition Off Brake Set Passengers and Crew Evacuate Fire Extinguish as Required Inspect for Damage

87. Engine Failure In Flight Mixture Idle Cut Off Fuel Shutoff Valve Off Pull OUT Auxiliary Fuel Pump Off Master Off Cabin heat and air Off except overhead vents Airspeed 100 Knots or more to create a non combustible fuel air mixture Forced Landing Refer to Forced Landing Checklist

88. Electrical Fire in Flight Master OFF Avionics OFF All Electric OFF [except magnetos] Vents/Cabin Air/Heat Closed Fire Extinguisher Activate [if available] If Extinguisher is activated, open all vents after fire is out to clear cabin If fire appears to be out, and electrical power is necessary, Master ON Circuit Breakers Check for faulty circuit Avionics ON, 1 system at a time with a delay in order to evaluate and detect the bad circuit

89. Blocked Static Source[ERRONEOUS INSTRUTMENT READING SUSPECTED] ALTERNATE STATIC PORT OPEN AIRSPEED CONSULT CALIBRATION TABLE

90. Landing with a Flat Main Tire APPROACH NORMAL TOUCHDOWN GOOD TIRE FIRST, HOLD AIRPLANE OFF FLAT TIRE AS LONG AS POSSIBLE.

91. Electrical Power Malfunctions Ammeter shows excessive rate of charge Alternator OFF Alternator Breaker PULL Non-essential equipment OFF Flight Terminate ASAP

92. Vacuum System Failure Left Vacuum [L VAC] or Right Vacuum [L VAC] Annunciator Illuminates If Vacuum is not within normal limits, a failure has occurred. Partial Panel Procedures will be necessary for continued flight

93. Landing without Elevator Control Trim for level flight Set speed for approximately 65 Once trimmed, do not move elevator trim. Control glide with power only. At flare-out, Power reduction will cause nose to drop� Adjust Trim Full UP during power reduction.

94. SPIN RECOVERY THROTTLE IDLE AILERONS NEUTRAL RUDDER FULL OPPOSITE OF ROTATION CONTROL YOKE FORWARD TO BREAK STALL HOLD THESE CONTROL POSITIONS UNTIL ROTATION STOPS AS ROTATION STOPS, NEUTRALIZE RUDDER RECOVER FROM DIVE SMOOTHLY.

95. Section 4 Normal Procedures

96. Before Start Preflight Inspection Complete Passenger Briefing Complete Seats and Belts Adjust Brakes Test and Set Electrical Equipment Off Avionics Off Fuel Selector Both Fuel Shutoff Valve On PUSH IN Circuit Breakers Check In

97. Starting Engine [with battery] Throttle Open � inch Mixture Idle Cut-Ott Propeller Area Clear Master On Flashing beacon On Auxiliary Fuel Pump On Mixture Full Rich until a positive fuel flow, then Idle Cut-Off Auxiliary Fuel Pump Off Ignition Start Mixture Advance as Engine Starts Oil Pressure Check Navigation Lights As Required Avionics On Flaps Retract

98. Starting Engine [Flooded Sart] If Engine floods [over primed] perform the following and then complete the normal start checklist Auxiliary Fuel Pump OFF Mixture Idle Cut-Off Throttle Open � to Full Throttle Ignition Start When Engine starts Mixture to Full Rich, Throttle to Idle Promptly.

99. Before Taxi This is not a Cessna Checklist, but will be useful in developing good habits at towered airports. ATIS Information Obtain and copy with I.D. Clearance Obtain and copy, READBACK TRANSPONDER SET Code and Select STBY Taxi Instructions Comply as Instructed

100. Before Takeoff Parking Brake Set Seats Upright Seat Belts Secure Doors Closed and Latched Flight Controls Free and Correct Flight Instruments Check and Set Fuel Quantity Check Mixture Full Rich Fuel Selector Valve Recheck Set to BOTH Throttle 1800 Magnetos Check drop <150, Diff. Max of 50 Vacuum Gage Check Annunciator Panel Check Throttle Check IDLE Throttle Set to 1000 RPM �..Continued�.

101. Before Takeoff�continued Throttle Friction Lock Adjust Radios and Avionics SET NAV/GPS Switch SET Autopilot OFF Manual Trim Set for Takeoff Flaps Set for Takeoff TRANSPONDER ON Brakes Release TAKEOFF CLEARANCE Obtain TRANSPONDER ON Select ALT Directional Gyro Set when aligned with Runway Strobes and Landing Light On when taking Active Runway

102. Normal Takeoff Flaps 0 � 10 Degrees Throttle Full Open Mixture Rich (above 3000 ft, Lean for max rpm) Elevator Lift Nose Wheel at 55 Climb Speed 70-80 [80 Provides better Forward Visibility] Flaps Retract

103. Short Field Takeoff Flaps 10 Degrees Brakes Apply Throttle Full Open Mixture Rich (above 3000 ft, Lean for max rpm) Brakes Release Elevator Slightly Tail Low Climb Speed 56 Until Obstacles Cleared Flaps Retract Slowly after reaching 60 knots

104. Enroute Climb Airspeed 70-85 Throttle Full Open Mixture Rich (lean above 3000 ft)

105. Cruise Power Set 2100-2700 no more than 75% Elevator Trim Adjust Mixture Lean For Performance Desired Arrival Checklist Prepare

106. Arrival(not a Cessna List) Arrival ATIS In Range Obtain and Copy Approach Control Contact Prior to 20 Miles out Clearance Copy and READBACK Descent Checklist Prepare

107. Descent Power As required Mixture Adjust, Full Rich at Idle Altimeter Set NAV/GPS Set Fuel Selector Valve BOTH Flaps As Required within Limits Landing Checklist Prepare

108. Normal Landing Airspeed 65-75 Flaps Up Flaps As required within Limits Airspeed 60-70 Flaps Down Touchdown Main Wheels First Landing Roll Lower Nose Gently Braking Minimum Required

109. Short Field Landing Airspeed 65-75 Flaps Up Flaps As required within Limits Airspeed 61 Flaps Down Touchdown Main Wheels First Brakes Apply Heavily Flaps Retract

110. Balked Landing[Go Around] Throttle FULL OPEN Flaps Retract to 20 Climb Speed 60 Flaps Retract to 10 till safe Alt.

111. After Landing Runway Clear and onto Taxiway Strobes Off Landing Light Off Transponder STBY Flaps Retract Radios Set Clearance Taxi instruction Parking as required

112. Secure[Shut Down] Brake Set Avionics OFF Mixture Idle Cut-Off Ignition Off Master Off Control Lock Install Fuel Selector Left or Right Check with OPERATOR of the Aircraft regarding this last item.

113. Before we finish, some thoughts on Landings�

114. You have seen the correct technique�

115. This is what can happen with �improper� technique..

116. This is what can happen with �improper� technique..

117. The third cycle of this phenomena is where accidents typically occur.

118. This is frequently the outcome of the second or third bounce�..

119. When the bounce occurs, level off, and Re-Land the Airplane normally if sufficient runway length remains.

120. Get the Right Picture for Landings

121. Get the Right Picture for Landings

122. Get the Right Picture for Landings

123. Get the Right Picture for Landings

124. Get the Right Picture for Landings

125. Remember, this is supposed to be fun�

126. End of Session Remember to use the approved checklists or Pilot Operating Handbook