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26th APEC EGNRET April 4, 2006 Auckland, New Zealand

26th APEC EGNRET April 4, 2006 Auckland, New Zealand. Private Sector Activities in Domestic New and Renewable Energy Technologies in Japan. Hiroyuki Kato- Deputy Director Ken Johnson- Advisor. Takahiro Yamada Assistant Chief. NEDO International Projects Management Division. METI

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26th APEC EGNRET April 4, 2006 Auckland, New Zealand

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  1. 26th APEC EGNRET April 4, 2006 Auckland, New Zealand Private Sector Activities in Domestic New and Renewable Energy Technologies in Japan Hiroyuki Kato-Deputy Director Ken Johnson-Advisor Takahiro Yamada Assistant Chief NEDO International Projects Management Division METI Agency for Natural Resources and Energy

  2. New & Renewable Energy Utilization Targets (excluding hydroelectric generation) (Unit: MKOE: Million Kiloliter Oil Equivalent) 19.1 Biomass 4.8 10.5 New energy sum total (MKOE) 9.2 Bioenergy 4.8 4.7 5.5 Wind Power 2.1 1.5 PV 2002 410 2.2% 2030 425 4.5% Year: Total Energy Consumption: N&RE Share:

  3. Photovoltaics: Cumulative Installed PV Capacity US 365MW (14%) IEA/PVPS Task 1,“Trends in Photovoltaic Applications,” Sept. 2005

  4. Photovoltaics: Japanese Solar Cell Manufacturers Production Capacity and Overseas Development Source: RTS Corporation, PV Activites in Japan, Vol. 16, No. 1

  5. Photovoltaics:Private Sector Activities/Challenges Source: RTS Corporation, PV Activites in Japan, Vol. 16, No. 1

  6. Photovoltaics:Showa Shell Sekiyu: CIS Solar Cell Modules

  7. Photovoltaics:Main Elements of CIS Solar Cells • Cu・・・・Copper • In・・・・Indium • Se・・・・Selenium • ･ ･ ･ ･ ･ • →Thin-film CIS Solar Cell Modules

  8. Photovoltaics:Categories of Solar Cells Single crystal Silicon (Outdated but relatively high efficiency) Bulk Most utilized Polycrystal Manufactured by carving out of thick material (Widely disseminated and most common; More easily manufactured than single crystal） Compound Gallium arsenic, etc Solar cell （For special use: e.g. space technologies; most efficient） Silicon Amorphous （Requires fewer materials but several performance challenges remain) Thin-film Thin-film created on substrate CIS solar cell Compound （Simple manufacturing process, high performance anticipated）

  9. Photovoltaics:Advantages of CIS Solar Cells Potential to be the mainstream of the next-generation of solar cells: ・Stable supply of raw material (not dependant on silicon) ・Highly productive manufacturing process ・Further development anticipated under NEDO’s “Development of Advanced Solar Cells and Modules” project Performance: ・Highest energy conversion efficiency among all thin-film solar cells ・Highest light absorbance of all semiconductors ・Excellent durability CIS Low cost potential: ・Simple module structure/manufacturing process ・Low raw material utilization ・Integrated manufacturing: from raw materials to end products Technology developed by Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K. ・13 years of R&D experience (NEDO entrusted research activities) ・Top performing thin-film solar cells in the world ・Patented technology

  10. － － － － － － － － + + + + + + Photovoltaics:Solar Cell Structure Crystalline-Si Solar Cell (Conventional type) CIS Solar Cell Light Light － Electrode Anti-reflective coating － Transparent electrode n type silicon Buffer CIS compound p type silicon Electrode Electrode + + Thickness: 200～300μm vs. 2~3μm

  11. Photovoltaics:Comparison: CIS vs. Crystalline Silicon

  12. Photovoltaics:Appearance of CIS Solar Cells Conventional Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells CIS Solar Cells

  13. Wind Power Generation in Japan Generating capacity (kW) Turbines

  14. Wind Power Players in Japan • Private Sector • FarmsMW • Euras Energy 9 184 • EcoPower 10 70 • Green Power 2 39 • WindTech 4 38 • Rokkasho Mura Wind Pwr 1 33 • Toyota 2 31 • Minami Kyushu Wind Pwr 2 26 • Nigaho Kogen Wind Pwr 1 25 • J Wind 2 24 • Horonobe Wind Power 1 21 • Esashi Wind Power 1 21 • Others 156326 • Total: 134 players 191 838 Public Sector FarmsMW 49 Cities 56 53 10 Prefectures 13 20 NEDO 25 11 JOGMEC 1 1.5 (Japan Oil, Gas& Metals Nat’l. Corp.) Ministry of Land, Infra. & Trans. 1.3 Total: 62 players 96 86

  15. Wind Power Generation SystemIntroduction(Total number of imported/domestic turbines) Turbines Fiscal year

  16. Wind Power Generation SystemIntroduction(Total generation capacity of imported/domestic systems)

  17. Wind Power Generation Systems • Total generation capacity of domestic makers' systems in Japan increased sharply in 2004. • Most domestically supplied turbines were produced by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) Japan. MHI was #8 in turbines worldwide in 2004.* • Fuji Heavy Industries developing new 2MW system to obtain share in Japanese market. Features: • Downwind rotor for typhoon conditions • Blade and Nacelle transportable in pieces • Japanese makers increasingly capable of manufacturing 2MW turbines. *http://www.earthscan.co.uk/news/printablearticle.asp?sp=636487402740206174292&v=3&UAN=431

  18. Biomass Resources and Biomass Energy Utilization Biomass Resources Biomass Energy Utilization Direct combustion Agricultural, livestock, fishery Wood Construction waste Crushed into chips or pelletized for boiler combustion Woody biomass Forestry waste Scrap timber Agricultural waste Rice straw Maize Rice husks Wheat straw Construction waste wood Dry Food Household waste Biochemical conversion Bagasse Bagasse Methane/Ethanol/Hydrogen generation via fermentation, etc. Power generation/ Sewage sludge Excreta Moist Food industry waste water/food waste Livestock excrement Cattle/hogs/poultry Transportation Garbage Seafood processing waste Fisheries waste Thermo-chemical conversion Pulp & paper Used cooking oil Sugar/starch Fuel generation by gasification/esterifica-tion/slurrying through high-temperature and high-pressure process, etc. Black liquor Scrap wood Rapeseed Palm oil Others Cellulose (recycled paper)

  19. Biomass Utilization—Chugai Ro Woody Biomass Gasification and Co-generation System (1/2) • Japan’s first co-generation system incorporating a gas engine generator. • Effective use of woody biomass resources while reducing CO2 emissions.

  20. Biomass Utilization—Chugai Ro Woody Biomass Gasification and Co-generation System (2/2) • Benefits: • Efficient thermal decomposition and gasification • Efficient electric power recovery • Recovery of thermal energy • Gas reforming tower for tar removal • Enables effective use of by-products Biomass Material 5t/d Gas reformer Gas holder 1100℃ Electric Power 176kW (20.1%) Hopper Oxygen Gas Cooler Air preheater Gasification kiln Gas engine generator External heat type multi-retort kiln 700～850℃ Hot Water 73kW (8.4%) Residue (Char and ash) Preheated air Gas filter Waste heat boiler Gas filter Steam 201kW (23.0%) 900℃ Hot-air generator

  21. 1. Tokachi, Hokkaido (Tokachi Zaidan, etc.) [METI / MOE] Bio-ethanol Demonstrative Projects in Japan 5. Ie island, Okinawa Pref. (Asahi Breweries, Ltd.) [METI / MOAFF / MOE / CAO] Ethanol manufacturing from sugarcane/ E3 (gasohol) demonstration Ethanol manufacturing from substandard wheat and maize/E3 (gasohol) demonstration 2. Shinjyo-city, Yamagata Pref. [MOAFF] Ethanol manufacturing from sorgum/ E3 (gasohol) demonstration 3. Sakai-city, Osaka (Taisei Corporation, Marubeni Corporation, Osaka municipal government) [MOE] Ethanol manufacturing from construction waste/ E3 (gasohol) demonstration 4. Kuse-cho, Okayama Pref. (Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.) [METI] Demonstrative manufacturing of ethanol from mill ends 6. Miyako-island, Okinawa Pref. (Ryuseki) [METI / MOAFF / MOE / CAO] Ethanol manufacturing from sugarcane/E3 (gasohol) demonstration

  22. Biomass Utilization—Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding • Bioethanol Demonstration Plant • Cellulosic ethanol demonstration plant using wood-based feedstock (June 2005) • Feedstocks derived from wood chips and waste wood collected from forestry industry • Sugar mixed with yeast for fermentation • MES’ Zeolite membrane used to obtain absolute ethanol • Production capacity: 250kg of absolute ethanol/day • Capable of processing 2 tons of wood waste/day

  23. BIOMASS:Oil Industry Efforts for Bioethanol Introduction • Japanese Government announced (January 18, 2006) implementation of “Utilization • of Biomass Fuels for Transportation,” as part of its “Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement • Plan,” under the following policies/conditions: • Members of the Petroleum Association of Japan shall be actively engaged in blending bioethanol fuel for transportation. Target  blend 20% of gasoline (bioethanol ETBE) by 2010. (Approximately 360,000KL/year = approximately 210,000KL/year crude oil equivalent) • Bioethanol introduction shall not: a) negatively impact air quality, or b) compromise safety or automobile performance. • Risk assessments necessary for mixing ETBE with gasoline must be conducted prior to bioethanol introduction, since ETBE is designated as one of the “TYPE Ⅱ Monitoring Chemical Substances” of “the Chemical Substances Control Law.”

  24. BIOMASS: ETBE Introduction Scale(1/3)- For a stable and long-term supply • Ethanol, a raw material for ETBE, is limited in supply • Brazil is the only major ethanol exporter • ↓ • Other countries such as U.S. and China can only meet domestic consumption • Scant ethanol production in Japan Ethanol Producing Countries (2004/2005)

  25. ETBE Introduction Scale(2/3) - For a stable and long-term supply • 2) ETBE is limited in supply • a) Japan’s maximum domestic production capacity if 4 existing, idled MTBE* plants were converted to ETBE production: 400,000 kl/year • MTBE was produced until 2001 • Maximum domestic isobutene production: approx. 630,000 tons/year b) Potential overseas supplies of ETBE: • Europe: domestic production and consumption of ETBE, but no overcapacity • U.S.: MTBE plants exist that could possibly be converted to ETBE production? • *MTBE: methyl tertiary-butyl ether,a fuel synthesized from methanol (from natural gas) and isobutene Enables maximum annual production of ETBE of 1,500,000kl

  26. ETBE Introduction Scale(3/3)- Issue: Economic efficiencyrelative to conventional fuels • Ethanol vs. gasoline • Ethanol* is 20 to 30 yen/l more expensive than gasoline** when calculated by calorific value equivalence (based on recent import price) (*Ethanol price: import price (excluding custom duty) of ethanol for industrial and beverage use calculated on an equivalent calorific comparison versus gasoline (60%)) (**Gasoline price: domestic market price excluding taxes (gasoline tax, oil/coal tax and crude oil tax) • Issues: agricultural produce  unstable; transportation costs

  27. Thank you for your attention!

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