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FIFTEEN. Speaking to Persuade. CHAPTER. Persuasive Speech. A speech designed to change or reinforce the audience’s beliefs or actions. Mental Dialogue with the Audience. The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech. Target Audience.
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FIFTEEN Speaking to Persuade CHAPTER Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Persuasive Speech A speech designed to change or reinforce the audience’s beliefs or actions. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Mental Dialogue with the Audience The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Target Audience The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Persuasive Speeches • Speeches on questions of fact • Speeches on questions of value • Speeches on questions of policy Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Question of Fact Question of Value A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. Question of Policy A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Persuasive Speech on a Question of Fact Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that another major earthquake will hit California by the year 2025. Central Idea: There are three good reasons to believe that another major earthquake will hit California by the year 2025. Main Points: I. California is long overdue for a major earthquake. II. Many geological signs indicate that a major earthquake may happen soon. III. Experts agree that a major earthquake could hit California any day. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Question of Value A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Persuasive Speech on a Question of Value Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that capital punishment is morally and legally wrong. Central Idea: Capital punishment violates both the Bible and the U.S. Constitution. Main Points: I. Capital punishment violates the biblical commandment “Thou shalt not kill.” II. Capital punishment violates the constitutional ban on “cruel and unusual punishment.” Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Question of Policy A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Persuasive Speech on a Question of Policy Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that America should act now to protect the quality of its drinking water. Central Idea: Impure drinking water is a serious national problem that requires action by citizens and government alike. Main Points: I. Impure drinking water has become a serious national problem. II. Solving the problem requires action by citizens and government alike. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy • Speech to gain passive agreement • Speech to gain immediate action Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Speeches to Gain Passive Agreement Convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Specific Purposes for Persuasive Speeches to Gain Passive Agreement • To persuade my audience that there should be tougher enforcement of laws to protect the victims of domestic abuse. • To persuade my audience that college scholarship athletes should receive a $200 monthly stipend for personal expenses. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Speeches to Gain Immediate Action Convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Specific Purpose Statements for Persuasive Speeches to Gain Immediate Action • To persuade my audience to volunteer as literacy tutors. • To persuade my audience to vote in the next presidential election. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Analyzing Questions of Policy Three basic issues • Need • Plan • Practicality Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Need Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy? Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Plan If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem? Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Practicality Will the speaker’s plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems? Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Organizing Speeches on Questions of Policy • Problem-solution order • Problem-cause-solution order • Comparative advantages order • Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Problem-Solution Order Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that urgent action is needed to deal with the environmental problems created by disposable batteries. I. Disposable batteries have become one of America’s most serious environmental dangers. II. The problem can be solved by business, government, and individual action. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Problem-Cause-Solution Order Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that colleges and universities should take stronger action to control campus crime. I. Violent crime on college campuses is a serious problem. II. There are three major causes specific to college life for the growth of campus crime. III. An effective solution must deal with all three major causes of the problem. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Comparative Advantages Order • Unstaffed scientific missions are far less costly than staffed space flights. • Unstaffed scientific missions provide many more practical benefits than staffed space flights. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence • 1. Attention:Gain the attention of the audience. • 2. Need:Make the audience feel a need for change. • 3. Satisfaction:Satisfy the sense of need by providing a solution to the problem. • 4. Visualization:Intensify desire for the solution • by visualizing it’s benefits. • 5. Action:Urge the audience to take action in support of the solution. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Fact, Value, or Policy? • Using lie detector tests as screening devices for jobs in private business is a violation of the employee’s right to privacy. • The use of lie detector tests for screening employees in private business should be banned by law. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
Fact, Value, or Policy? • A federal law should be passed requiring that trunk release systems be standard on all new cars sold in the United States. • If trunk release systems were standard equipment on all cars sold in the United States, we could save a number of children’s lives each year. Stephen E. Lucas 2001 All rights reserved.
