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Theories of Psychosocial Development

Theories of Psychosocial Development. Organismic model “nature” maturation genetic blueprint individual seen as active Mechanistic model “nurture” environment learning Contextual model

MikeCarlo
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Theories of Psychosocial Development

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  1. Theories of Psychosocial Development Organismic model “nature” maturation genetic blueprint individual seen as active Mechanistic model “nurture” environment learning Contextual model “nature x nurture” ecological models

  2. The Ecology of Human Development • Bronfenbrenner: Bioecological Model • How nature and nurture interact to produce development • The biological, psychological, person • Four environmental systems • Microsystem: family • Mesosystem: interaction among microsystems • Exosystem: settings one step removed • Macrosystem: culture

  3. Ages and Stages: The Psychoanalytic Tradition • Freud: stages of psychosexual development accomplished during childhood • Jung: first to look at adult development; individuation • Erikson: stages of psychosocial development; first truly life-span theory

  4. Erik Erikson • Most influential neo-Freudian • Some differences with Freud • Less emphasis on sexual urges • More emphasis on rational ego • More positive and adaptive view of human nature • Believed development continues through adulthood

  5. Extensions of Erikson • Butler- Life review • Kotre- Four types of generativity biological parental technical cultural

  6. Levinson’s Seasons of A Man’s Life Life cycle divided into developmental eras Cross-era transitions last about 5 years represent turning points Developmental periods stable periods- make key choices transition periods- reassess choices major areas of choice- life structure

  7. Evaluation of Stage Theory • Criticisms: overemphasize chronological age lack clear markers idealize normality downplay sociohistorical context

  8. Multiple Meanings of Age • Neugarten’s Social Meaning of Age age norms- socially defined standards social age clock- what should be doing off-time events-occur earlier/later midcourse- an emerging stage

  9. Trait Models McCrae& Costa’s Five Factor Model of Personality • Focuses on consistent differences, rather than similarities • Psychological traits neuroticism extraversion openness agreeableness conscientiousness

  10. Stability vs. Change in Adult Personality • Core aspects of self less likely to change • Change more likely during transition periods • Sociocultural/historical context impact change

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