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Welcome to Class 

Welcome to Class . Dr. Brennan. Interpreting. Interpreting messages requires knowledge, social sensitivity, and an authentic concern for others. Interpreting. Empathy – What is it?. Interpreting. Empathy – 3 types Cognitive Aspect – In the mind of another.

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Welcome to Class 

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  1. Welcome to Class  • Dr. Brennan

  2. Interpreting • Interpreting messages requires knowledge, social sensitivity, and an authentic concern for others.

  3. Interpreting • Empathy – What is it?

  4. Interpreting • Empathy – 3 types • Cognitive Aspect – In the mind of another. • Perceptive Aspect – Sensitivity to Nonverbal Cues. • Behavioral Aspect – Your ability to demonstrate verbally and nonverbally that you are listening.

  5. Interpreting • Empathy requires reciprocity – no one way street!

  6. Interpreting • Emotional Intelligence – EQ • Interpreting messages requires knowledge, social sensitivity, and an authentic concern for others. • Nonverbal Cues – Reading others

  7. COORDINATED MANAGEMENT OF MEANING -CMMby W. Barnett Pearce & Vernon E. Cronen • Pearce and Cronen (1980) state in their theory that people develop meanings of themselves and the world through the information they have listened to and processed. • This information is processed and achieved at various levels that are hierarchically organized and affects communication by content, stage sets, scripts, and episodes. • The hierarchical levels of meaning are as follows, from lowest to highest:

  8. The Coordinated Management of Meaning: Hierarchies of meaning model Life Scripts Episodes Speech Acts Construction Systems Constructs (raw sensory data)

  9. Level One: "CONSTRUCTIONS" Constructions (from raw data) are the cognitive process by which individuals organize and interpret the world as perceived.

  10. Level Two: "CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS" • Construction systems are the beliefs, values, attitudes, and purposes produced by the constructs organized into clusters that allow people to interpret meaning.

  11. Level Three: "SPEECH ACTS" • Speech acts are the "things" one person does to another by saying something that is interpreted as an interpersonal exchange of meaning. • Ex: “You are beautiful” counts as the speech act “compliment” or “You’re an idiot” is an insult.

  12. Level Four: "EPISODES" • Episodes are communicative routines which are viewed as distinct wholes, separate from other types of discourse, characterized by special rules of speech. • Episodes appear as patterned sequences of speech acts and establish the fields in which rules governing speech acts exists. • Episodes provided the content and context of speech acts (e.g., “friendly chat or personal evaluation”).

  13. Level Five: "LIFE SCRIPTS" • Life scripts are categorized episodes comprising what a person perceives as identified with her/himself. • Ex: Christian movements may provide a new life-script to an individual through a revolutionary experience.

  14. The Coordinated Management of Meaning: Hierarchies of meaning model Life Scripts Episodes Speech Acts Construction Systems Constructs (raw sensory data)

  15. Listening and Nonverbal Communication • What is nonverbal communication?

  16. Nonverbal Communication • What is nonverbal communication? • The information we communicate without using words.

  17. Researchers have suggested: • That as much as 93% of communication is nonverbal. • 55% of communication is sent through facial expressions, posture and gestures. • 38% of communication is sent through tone of voice.

  18. Nonverbal and listening: • We are going to go over how we can be more receptive of what our conversation partner or audience is communicating to us nonverbally.

  19. Nonverbal and listening: • BEWARE: No one can become a perfect interpreter of the nonverbal communication of others. It is unwise and inappropriate to assume that you can become an infallible judge of others’ because people are unique, complicated, and ever changing creatures.

  20. As we discuss nonverbal communication, hopefully you will: 1. Deepen your understanding of nonverbal communication 2. Sharpen your powers of observation • Develop greater skill in interpreting the meanings behind others’ nonverbal communication. • At the same time, you should remain keenly aware of the idiosyncratic and complex nature of nonverbal communication.

  21. How are you at reading nonverbal cues and listening to: • Parents • Siblings • Friends • Significant Other • Children • Other

  22. Nonverbal Communication & Listening with the Eyes Eye Communication • Gaze • Duration of Eye Contact • Direction of Eye Contact • Wideness or Narrowness of Eyes Microsoft Image

  23. Nonverbal Communication Functions of Eye Contact • Seeking Feedback • Opening Communication • Signaling Nature of Relationship • Lessening Physical Distance

  24. Nonverbal Communication Functions of Eye Avoidance • Help Others Maintain Privacy • Signal Lack of Interest • Block Unpleasant Stimuli • Enhance Other Senses Microsoft Image

  25. Nonverbal Communication Eye Communication - Pupil Dilation • Dilated Pupils More Attractive • Pupil Size Reveals Level of Emotional Arousal

  26. Eye Communication – Deception: • One thing that can be of particular interest in terms of argumentation/persuasion, is trying to determine if someone is being honest with you. • Many people identify various behaviors as indicating deception. • Often, our assumptions of what is deceptive behavior is actually not.

  27. Eye Communication – Deception: • There are several factors that affect our ability to correctly detect deception.

  28. Eye Communication – Deception: In a 1985 study by DePaulo stated that people identified gazing less, smiling less, shifting posture more, speaking slowly, and taking a long time to answer as indications of deception.

  29. How do liars behave? • According to research done 1985 by DePaulo, 1980 by Kraut, and 1985 by Zuckerman & Driver: Some of the behaviors liars have exhibited are: 1. Blinks: Liars blinked more often than people telling the truth.

  30. How do liars behave? 2. Adaptors: Liars moved their hands more (fidgeted, scratched, rubbed themselves) when giving responses. 3. Speech Errors: Liars made more errors when speaking than did truth tellers. 4. Message Duration: Liars messages were more brief than were truth tellers’ messages. 5. Pupil Dilation: Liars’ pupils are more dilated than are the pupils of truth tellers.

  31. How do liars behave? 6. Irrelevant information: Liars include less relevant material in their responses when compared to truth tellers. 7. Negative statements: Liars’ responses contain more negative expressions than truth tellers’ responses. 8. Shrugs: Liars shrug more than truth tellers 9. Immediacy: Liars are less involved in their communication.

  32. How do liars behave? 10. Pitch: Liars’ vocal pitch is more anxious than truth tellers’ vocal pitch. 11. Hesitations: Liars, compared to truth tellers, hesitate more when communicating. 12. Leveling: Liars use more leveling terms than truth tellers (i.e., make more over-generalized statements). 13. Message discrepancy: Liars’ messages contain more discrepancies than truth tellers’ messages.

  33. How do liars behave? 14. Increased eye contact: As strange as it may seem, someone that is being deceptive usually will have increased eye contact. 15. Not supported by research, just a theory now: Eye gaze to the speaker’s right (the receiver's left) when being deceptive (toward the “creative side of the brain”) means they are lying. An interesting theory, but again not proven as yet.

  34. Types of Nonverbal communication • Paralanguage – the way we say something. • Rate – speed at which one speaks can have an effect on the way a message is received. People speak at rates that vary from 125 words per minute to 200+ wpm. • Scholars argue that the faster someone speaks the more competent they seem. Of course, the listener may not be able to understand what the speaker is saying.

  35. Types of Nonverbal communication • Paralanguage – the way we say something. • Pitch – highness and lowness of the voice. Some people feel high-pitched voices are not very pleasant, but low-pitched voices are seen as insecure or shy.

  36. Types of Nonverbal communication • Paralanguage – the way we say something. • Volume – Loud/soft level of vocal quality. • Vocal Fillers – Non words such as “uh”, “er”, “um”, “you know”, “okay.” • Vocal fillers give the connotation that we are stuck or searching for the right word. If used too much it becomes distracting.

  37. Types of Nonverbal communication • Paralanguage – the way we say something. • Quality – Rhythm, articulation, pronunciation, tempo and resonance. • Good quality demonstrates competency, honesty and power.

  38. Types of Nonverbal communication The Body - Body Movement • Emblems • Illustrators • Affect Displays • Regulators • Adaptors Microsoft Image

  39. Types of Nonverbal communication The Body - Body Movement • Emblems: Have a direct translation into words. Does not cross cultures. Example: 1. “Thumb up” = hitchhiker or good luck. 2. Circle made with thumb and index finger = okay.

  40. Types of Nonverbal communication The Body - Body Movement • Illustrators: Accents, emphasizes or reinforces words. Example: Giving directions while pointing or showing how big or how wide.

  41. Types of Nonverbal communication The Body - Body Movement • Affect Displays: Intensity of feelings shown through our facial expressions and body movement. Example: fist on desk

  42. Types of Nonverbal communication The Body - Body Movement • Regulators: Control the back and forth flow of speaking and listening; head nods, hand gestures and shifts in posture.

  43. Types of Nonverbal communication The Body - Body Movement • Adaptors: Nonverbal ways of adjusting to a communication situation. Often used if nervous or uncomfortable in a situation. Often done unconsciously.

  44. Nonverbal Communication The Body - Body Appearance • Height and Weight • Race • General Attractiveness Microsoft Image

  45. Nonverbal Communication Facial Communication • Communicates Emotion • Primary Affect Displays • Affect Blends Microsoft Image

  46. Nonverbal Communication Facial Management Techniques • Intensify • Deintensify • Neutralize • Mask • Simulate Microsoft Image

  47. Nonverbal Communication Space Communication - Proxemics • Spatial Distances • Intimate 0 - 18 in. • Personal 18 in.- 4 feet • Social 4 feet – 12 feet • Public 12 feet - 25+ feet

  48. Nonverbal Communication Influences on Space Communication • Gender • Age • Personality • Familiarity Microsoft Image

  49. Nonverbal Communication Artifactual Communication • Color • Clothing and Body Adornment • Space Decoration Microsoft Image

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