Machine Translation and Post Editing: Everything You Need to Know

1. Machine Translation and Post Editing: Everything You Need to Know

2. Machine Translation or MT: Definition The automatic translation from one natural language to another natural language by a computer software based on certain rules and statistics. There is no human intervention in the translation process.

3. Machine Translation Post Editing or MTPE: Definition is the process where a human linguists reviews and edits the translation done by a machine. The human linguists checks and corrects grammar, sentence structure, context and tone.

4. A History of Machine Translation In 1949 could be deemed as the set-off point for MT. In this year Warren Weaver, a researcher at the Rockefeller Foundation, presented his proposal for machine-based translations, inspired by information theory and code-breaking techniques during WWII.

5. Initially, MT served military interests only. Later on, however, MT began to be used to cater to civilian needs as well. Additionally, in the age of globalization, fast and efficient translation became a necessity for any business. As a result, at the turn of the century, many companies released online translation services. One of them was Babel Fish. Their service worked with a limited range of languages and its rule-based system lacked extra-textual knowledge. This meant it got confused by expressions such as “see” and “sea”.

6. This type of MT works with general engines or in other words they are used to translate general content (hence the name) without specialized technology. This is also the reason why they fail to recognize colloquial expression or artistic language. Another influential idea is the statistical MT which was initially used for Google Translate. This type of MT is, so to say, self-learning, meaning it continually increases its corpus. What’s more, it works on the principle of two parallel texts. Statistical or vertical MT engines can be “trained” to use specific terminology for a specific domain (e.g. travel, manufacturing, etc.).

7. The newest approach is neural MT, which however is not a drastic step from SMT. This approach utilizes an artificial neural network to predict the likelihood of a sequence of words. These MT engines will never be as meticulous as human translation, although they are constantly evolving. This resulted in the emergence of MTPE or in other words, computers and human translators working together to achieve fast quality results. In this presentation, we will present you with a detailed MT and MTPE guide to making sure you are well-acquainted with the latest trends and most importantly, know how to incorporate them to fit your needs!

8. 1. Machine translation vs Machine Translation Post-editing Machine Translation refers to the automated process of translation from source material into another language. In recent years MT engines have improved immensely due to the advent of new software and hardware. Nowadays these engines can process millions of words per hour while still retaining the high quality of the translation. Moreover, MT engines can be used for nearly every language. However, MT has a hard time recognizing idioms or more colloquial expressions. Have a look at Google Translate:

9. This first example is a wrong translation from Bulgarian to English. Google translate fails to recognize a rather popular colloquial expression in the Bulgarian language. “I feel so sleepy that I can’t see two” should be translated simply to “I’m very tired”.

10. This is an excerpt from the book “Sie nannten sich der Wiener Kreis (“They Called Themselves the Vienna Circle”) by Karl Sigmund. Have a look at the phrase “den Ungeraden” which is translated as “the odd ones”. Although that translation is not completely wrong, in this context it is not a good choice. The German phrase is used to denote the “politically undesirable people”, so “the odd ones” a little too vague.

11. Machine Translation Post Editing MTPE is a hybrid between machine translation and human translation. This in turn means a twofold benefit for the client – high speed and high quality. As could be inferred from its name, the MT is followed by a post-editing process which is fulfilled by a human translator. Their job is to edit the material for better accuracy, flow, clarity, and local resonance. It might be hard to decide which one would better suit your needs – MT or MTPE. If this is the case, have a look at the pros and cons of each:

12. Mistranslations Note: MT is prone to making a wide range of mistakes such as: • Wrong word order, gender, or number • missing/Wrong Articles • Wrong punctuation • Words in target text left in the source language Once we have cleared out what are the positive and negative sides of MT and MTPE, you might have already made up your mind about which one you want to use. If this is not the case, however, or you are still unsure, we have your back!

13. When you can use MT • If you need to translate the content as fast as possible • Limited budget • If a rough translation will be sufficient (e.g. low-priority internal messages) • If you have large volumes of text that need to be translated. When you can use MTPE • If you need a culturally sensitive or very precise translation • And if you are translating a text that requires technical knowledge (e.g. medicine, mechanics, law, etc.) • If you are working with public-facing materials (e.g. ads or product descriptions).

14. 2. Post-editing strategies for MTPE The post-editing process depends on your expectations which should be specified in advance. The three main points to keep in mind are time, cost, and quality since they would determine your post-editing strategy. Light Post-editing (LPE) • as few edits as possible • to ensure legible and accurate output • fast and cost-effective PE approach Full Post-editing (FPE) • a thorough review of the MT • focuses on consistency of tone, correct grammar, and appropriateness of the expressions • aims to sound natural, native • slower and more expensive approach than LPE • high-quality translation

15. Project-specific Strategy • requirements are project-dependent • certain segments can be prioritized if they have higher business value • can be adapted to your expectations for time, costs, quality Bypassing Post Editing • could work very well with some materials (e.g. internal documentation) • MT quality is expected to be good • Low probability for bad translations (e.g. very simple sentences or a database of terms)

16. 3. Does MT work for all languages and dialects? Without a doubt, MT has come a long way since its advent in the late 40s. Thanks to the progress in the development of processing technology, it is constantly getting better. However, MT tends to work much better with some language combinations than with others. Generally, MT performs with widely spoken languages very well (e.g. English, German, French). Moreover, it is best to use MT between English and European languages since they are related. On the contrary, translations between languages like English and Japanese, which are disparate, generally do not work as good.

17. The same goes for dialects. There is no machine to translate specifically into Canadian French or Colombian Spanish.As a rule of thumb, European languages have similar grammatical structures since they are more closely related. In both cases, however, mistakes still occur especially when dealing with languages that have more complex grammar and syntax (e.g. Turkish and Russian). MTPE, on the other hand, can deal with such ambiguities, of course, with the help of a human translator during the post-editing process.

18. 4. Is MTPE suitable for all types of content? Generally, MT works best with clear and concise content. Ideally, a sentence should have the simple grammar and not more than 20 words. Headline-style sentence segments and long, complex sentences do not work well with MT. Also, for MT to provide high-quality translations, it is best to work with literal texts since it tends to struggle to recognize tones such as sarcasm or humor. Moreover, double negations (e.g. it won’t do you any good) or some very colloquial expressions are real obstacles for MT. If you want to ensure the best results, consider revising your text so that is prepared specifically for MT. When it comes to MTPE, good candidates would be instruction manuals, website contents, blog posts, or packaging inserts.

19. When to use human translations only It is not advisable to use raw MT for materials aimed at your audience or such that need to reflect your brand’s message. Creative segments such as headlines or slogans should be translated by human translators without any machine intervention. Also, when translating highly technical texts or materials containing sensitive issues, jokes, or a certain tone, it is preferable to opt for human translation. In such cases, completely eliminating machines is advisable. This is because making sense of and correcting machine translation can be more time-consuming than doing a human translation from scratch.

20. 5. How much you can save from the machine translation? To put it shortly, MTPE efficiency is very difficult to predict. Without a doubt, MT speeds up the translation process. Moreover, according to a Stanford University study regardless of language pairs or translator’s professional experience, MTPE is considerably faster than translating from scratch. Indeed, most professional translators work more quickly as editors than as from-scratch translators. The initial MT translation can save translators up to a few hours of work. This makes MTPE one of the quickest ways to get a high-quality translation.

21. As a result, human translation costs a lot more than MT since it simply takes longer. For common languages like German, French, Spanish, and Dutch, MT quality is usually upwards of 65%. When our clients use MTPE, the can save up to 30% on translation costs. By using MTPE for your project, you can take the best of both worlds – MT and human translation. Therefore, MTPE would mean major cost savings without having to compromise quality.

22. Conclusion Well, MT has come a long way, however, it is still not able to do “sense to sense” translation. In fact, its purpose has never been to replace human translators, but to make their job easier and faster. MTPE, on the other hand, is a new approach to translation that incorporates computers and human translators to grant the client premium quality translations at lower rates! To get MTPE right, you need the help of professionals. From choosing the right MT engine for your language pair and subject matter to training linguists to post edit, expertise, and experience is required. Contact us for professional MTPE services.