animal testing alternatives: finding the information you need myra e. shields, senior trainer biosis

1. Animal Testing Alternatives:Finding The Information You NeedMyra E. Shields, Senior TrainerBIOSIS

3. Legal Responsibility Animal Welfare Act as Amended (7 USC, 2131-2156) in the United States Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, licensed by the Home Office, UK The EU Treaty of Rome The research community has both a legal and ethical responsibility to not only reduce the number of animals used in research, but to improve the welfare of those that are used Regulatory responsibility demands compliance with national and international legislation, such as: . Animal Welfare Act as Amended (7 USC, 2131-2156) in the United States Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, licensed by the Home Office, UK   The EU Treaty of Rome has a protocol stating that animals are sentient beings and all future legislation must "pay full regard to the welfare requirements of animals."   The research community has both a legal and ethical responsibility to not only reduce the number of animals used in research, but to improve the welfare of those that are used Regulatory responsibility demands compliance with national and international legislation, such as: . Animal Welfare Act as Amended (7 USC, 2131-2156) in the United States Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, licensed by the Home Office, UK   The EU Treaty of Rome has a protocol stating that animals are sentient beings and all future legislation must "pay full regard to the welfare requirements of animals."  

4. Ethical or Social Responsibility Change to non-animals Make procedures pain free Answer the questions… Should animals be used? When can animals be used? How should animals be used?

5. Economic Responsibility Expense of animal use Non-animal models can be cheaper to use Non-animal models can increase number of compounds being tested

6. Scientific Responsibility Currency in area of research Awareness of research Reduce duplication Computer structure allows more compounds to be screened Less painful and invasive procedures Awareness of new procedures

7. The 3Rs:Reduction, Refinement, Replacement As a basis for evaluating alternatives and defining the principles of animal testing, in 1954 the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) initiated the concept of the 3Rs of reduction, refinement and replacement. The word alternatives encompasses all of the 3Rs. In 1999 the Three Rs Declaration of Bologna was adopted by the 3rd World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences. This resulted in the following definition of 3Rs: As a basis for evaluating alternatives and defining the principles of animal testing, in 1954 the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) initiated the concept of the 3Rs of reduction, refinement and replacement. The word alternatives encompasses all of the 3Rs. In 1999 the Three Rs Declaration of Bologna was adopted by the 3rd World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences. This resulted in the following definition of 3Rs:

8. Problems with Compliance Several problems can make compliance with the regulations difficult: Primary research does not indicate a reduction or refinement method. Not all of the information available is indexed to 3R compliance. Multiple sources need to be included in a comprehensive search. Researchers or end users themselves are doing the preliminary data gathering.

9. How Does BIOSIS Fit? Consistently, governing bodies, web resources that instruct in regulatory compliance, and information professions teaching 3R searching, recommend that BIOSIS Previews, Biological Abstracts, and Biological Abstracts/RRM always be included in any search. The breadth and depth of the scientific content of these databases make them an essential component of regulatory compliance. Consistently, governing bodies, web resources that instruct in regulatory compliance, and information professions teaching 3R searching, recommend that BIOSIS Previews, Biological Abstracts, and Biological Abstracts/RRM always be included in any search. The breadth and depth of the scientific content of these databases make them an essential component of regulatory compliance.

10. Coverage Literature types: Patents Meetings and conferences Books Journals (international coverage)

11. Coverage Traditional areas: Molecular biology, Botany, Zoology, Ecology and the Environment, Microbiology Interdisciplinary areas: Experimental, Clinical and Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology and Genetics, Agriculture and Nutrition, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Public Health Related areas: Methods and Instrumentation MethodsBASE

12. Indexing A literature search should use a 2-stage process: General terms for alternatives in conjunction with disease or subject area. Specific searches on models, procedures, etc. There are two ways to search using relational indexing: Maximum retrieval for preliminary information gathering Maximum relevancy for refining the search to specific areas of research  BIOSIS specialized indexing ensures that information can be located quickly and accurately by novices as well as providing advanced search features for the information professional. Cross file searching is facilitated by the addition of CAS Registry Numbers and MeSH disease terms.BIOSIS specialized indexing ensures that information can be located quickly and accurately by novices as well as providing advanced search features for the information professional. Cross file searching is facilitated by the addition of CAS Registry Numbers and MeSH disease terms.

13. Searching for AlternativesHerpes Search Evaluate an antiviral (ganciclovir) against herpesviridae This will be a very general search demonstrating the depth and breadth of BIOSIS Previews. You will need to review the list of keyterms offered on many of the resource links referenced at the end of this presentation. Use the all the keyterms appropriate for your topic.   This will be a very general search demonstrating the depth and breadth of BIOSIS Previews. You will need to review the list of keyterms offered on many of the resource links referenced at the end of this presentation. Use the all the keyterms appropriate for your topic.  

14. Searching for Alternatives General Search (Maximum Retrieval) herpes?/DE,TI antivir?/DE,TI (animal model not (rat or muridae))/DE,TI The first step is to search for general terms in conjunction with the disease or subject area. I am using File 5 (BIOSIS Previews, 1969-present) on Dialog Web. Truncate and search for herpes in the title and descriptor fields, which is the recommended way to search.   Search for antiviral, using truncation, in title and descriptors.   Search for animal model, and eliminate rat or other rodents, also using title and descriptor.   Combine the search sets using Boolean “and” and review the search sets.   The first step is to search for general terms in conjunction with the disease or subject area. I am using File 5 (BIOSIS Previews, 1969-present) on Dialog Web. Truncate and search for herpes in the title and descriptor fields, which is the recommended way to search.   Search for antiviral, using truncation, in title and descriptors.   Search for animal model, and eliminate rat or other rodents, also using title and descriptor.   Combine the search sets using Boolean “and” and review the search sets.  

16. Searching for Alternatives Specific Search (Maximum Relevancy) Searching for herpesviridae where the rabbit (leporidae) is used as the animal model and ganciclovir is the antiviral drug BC=herpesviridae or BC=02612((rabbit or leporidae)(s)animal model)/OI(ganciclovir or cymevene(s)antiviral)/SY (or NA) OR use the registry number 82410-32-0 Searching on Herpes retrieved a high percentage of irrelevancy. Narrow the search using the Biosystematic Code or the Super Taxa controlled term “Herpesviridae” to narrow your search. Using the power of relational indexing, search for rabbit and the controlled term leporidae with animal model in the organism field to retrieve only those records where rabbits where used as an animal model. Use the expand “e” command in Dialog to view the BIOSIS Authority File of controlled terms.   Search for ganciclovir with the controlled modifier antiviral drug in the chemicals and biochemicals field to retrieve only those articles where ganciclovir is used as an antiviral.   Do a broad search on ganciclovir to look for any synonyms for this compound. BIOSIS will index a drug as the author has used it in the article. Synonyms must be included for a comprehensive search.   Searching on Herpes retrieved a high percentage of irrelevancy. Narrow the search using the Biosystematic Code or the Super Taxa controlled term “Herpesviridae” to narrow your search. Using the power of relational indexing, search for rabbit and the controlled term leporidae with animal model in the organism field to retrieve only those records where rabbits where used as an animal model. Use the expand “e” command in Dialog to view the BIOSIS Authority File of controlled terms.   Search for ganciclovir with the controlled modifier antiviral drug in the chemicals and biochemicals field to retrieve only those articles where ganciclovir is used as an antiviral.   Do a broad search on ganciclovir to look for any synonyms for this compound. BIOSIS will index a drug as the author has used it in the article. Synonyms must be included for a comprehensive search.  

18. Searching for Alternatives Specific Search (Maximum Relevancy) Searching for an in-vitro or cell culture as a replacement: CC=32600 In Vitro Studies, Cellular and Sub Cell or CC=32500 Tissue Culture, Apparatus, Methods & MediaBC=02612 or BC=herpesviridae(ganciclovir and antiviral)/SY (or NA) To search for a replacement method, use the Concept Code 32600 for In vitro Studies, Cellular and Sub Cell, and 32500 for Tissue Culture Apparatus, Methods and Media Check the Authority File, located on the BIOSIS web page for a complete listing of controlled terms. The BIOSIS Search Guide has a complete listing of Concept Codes and Biosystematic Codes.   To search for a replacement method, use the Concept Code 32600 for In vitro Studies, Cellular and Sub Cell, and 32500 for Tissue Culture Apparatus, Methods and Media Check the Authority File, located on the BIOSIS web page for a complete listing of controlled terms. The BIOSIS Search Guide has a complete listing of Concept Codes and Biosystematic Codes.  

20. Searching for Alternatives Searching for reduction: CC=04500 Mathematical Biology Computational Biology or Computer Applications or Mathematical Biology or (Models and Simulations) or (Methods and Techniques)/MC To search for a reduction, use the Concept Code 04500 for Mathematical Biology From the BIOSIS Authority File, use the Major Concepts: Computational Biology Computer Application Mathematical Biology Models and Simulations Methods and Techniques To search for a reduction, use the Concept Code 04500 for Mathematical Biology From the BIOSIS Authority File, use the Major Concepts: Computational Biology Computer Application Mathematical Biology Models and Simulations Methods and Techniques

22. Searching for Alternatives Specific Search (Maximum Relevancy) Searching for a rabbit care as a refinement topic CC=28002 Laboratory Animal CareCC=2650? Animal HusbandryAnimal Care/MC(rabbit or leporidae)/OI or ((rabbit or leporidae) and animal model)/OI To search for information on the care of rabbits as laboratory animals, use the Concept Codes for Laboratory Animal Care or Animal Husbandry.   A very narrow search that will retrieve relevant articles is using the Major Concept Animal Care and rabbit with animal model in the organism field. To search for information on the care of rabbits as laboratory animals, use the Concept Codes for Laboratory Animal Care or Animal Husbandry.   A very narrow search that will retrieve relevant articles is using the Major Concept Animal Care and rabbit with animal model in the organism field.

24. What’s New at BIOSIS

25. Important Links