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AP World Review

AP World Review. Six Themes. The impact of interaction among major societies, such as, trade, international exchange, war, and diplomacy. The relationship of change and continuity across the periods of World History.

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AP World Review

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  1. AP World Review

  2. Six Themes • The impact of interaction among major societies, such as, trade, international exchange, war, and diplomacy. • The relationship of change and continuity across the periods of World History. • Impact of technology and demography on people and the environment, including population change, manufacturing, agriculture, etc. • Systems of organization and gender structure. • Cultural and intellectual development and interactions among societies. • Change over time in function and structures of political states.

  3. Building Blocks of Civilization • What is a civilization? • Economic system • Political organization • Moral code (religion) • Written language and intellectual tradition.

  4. Early Man • Beginnings of Humans • Hominids: 3 to 4 million years on earth. • Hominids are primates. • Earliest hominids called Australopithecine. • Bipeds • Other types of Early man include Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, and Homo Sapien

  5. Stone Age • Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age). • Tools were used. • Simple huts. • Fire. • Hunter/gatherer societies. • Family or clan groupings. • Art and music also practiced.

  6. Stone Age (Con’t) • Agricultural Revolution: Neolithic Revolution • Occurred around the end of the Great Ice Age. • Rapid population growth. • Need for a change in food supply. • New skills needed. • Pastoralism and agriculture • begins with domestication of plants and animals.

  7. Results of the Agricultural Revolution • Many diversified crops developed. • Development of communities and villages. • Not based on family ties. • Lead to the formation of cities. • Early religions form around harvest and planting seasons. • Specialization of Labor. • Improved tools. • Development of social classes.

  8. River Valley Civilizations • Mesopotamia. • Tigris and Euphrates River valleys. • Fertile Crescent. • Written Language: Cuneiform. • Epic of Gilgamesh. • Hammurabi’s Code.

  9. River Civilizations • Egypt • Nile River valley: Upper and Lower Egypt • Inundation: regular flooding schedule • Monarchy: Pharaoh & small class of priests. • Duality: Complex religion and mummification. • Many great inventions and advances.

  10. River Civilizations • Indus Valley • Indus and Ganges Rivers • Reason for decline unknown. • Highly unified and organized government. • Artistic.

  11. River Civilizations • Yellow River valley. • Shang – China’s first dynasty. • Monarchy • Bronze work, silk making, pottery, jade. • Zhou Dynasty: Many advances • Mandate of Heaven.

  12. Middle East Civilizations • Persians • Created one of the largest empires in world history: From Turkey to Libya. • Cyrus the Great-first king, Darius the Great • Advanced postal system, roads, single currency, and decentralized government. • Zoroastrianism: Primary religion. • Fell to Alexander the Great.

  13. Middle East Civilizations • Phoenicians • Syria and Lebanon. • Advanced export economy. • Skilled traders. • Established Cathage. • First alphabet.

  14. Ancient Greece • Aegean, Minoan, Mycenaean Civilizations. • Trading societies. • Conquest (Trojan War) • Joined into a single culture called Hellenes or Greeks.

  15. Ancient Greece • Athens and Sparta • Athens: educated, great thinkers • Sparta: warrior society, military strength, self reliance. • Beginnings of Democracy • Began in Athens • Pericles • Not fully enfranchised. • Most representative government in ancient world.

  16. Ancient Greece • Peloponnesian War • Conflict between Athens and Sparta. • Left Greek city-states weak. • Open to conquest by the Persians and then Macedonians (Alexander the Great). • Alexander the Great • Great conqueror, took over Asia, Persian Empire, territory to borders of India. • Spread Greek culture throughout Eurasia.

  17. Ancient Greece • Hellenic Culture • Science was important, geometry, physics, mathematics, and astronomy. • Poetry (Homer), Drama (Sophocles/Euripides), Philosophy (Socrates, Plato)

  18. Ancient Rome • Roman Republic • Tensions between Plebeians (lower class) and Patricians (upper class). • Beginning of Roman expansion. • Punic Wars • Three campaigns against Carthage. • Rome was victorious. • Began expanding to the East (Greece, Balkans).

  19. Ancient Rome • Collapse of Roman Republic • Too much expansion. • Social problems and civil wars. • Unification of leadership under one person. • Roman Empire • Julius Caesar, Octavian (Caesar Augustus)

  20. Han Dynasty • Strongest Chinese dynasty. • Expansionist Empire • Postal system. • Roads. • Defensive fortifications (Great Wall). • Weak leadership caused collapse • Corruption and leadership issues.

  21. India • Aryans • Nomadic group invaded India. • Earliest Europeans. • Conquered the Dravidians (Dark skinned Indians). • Established warrior aristocracy. • Established Sanskrit. • Vedic and early Hindu faith.

  22. India • Caste System • Priests (Brahmins) • Warriors and political rulers (Kshatruyas). • Commoners. • Servants and Peasants. • The “Untouchables.” • Born into caste. Cannot be changed.

  23. India • Mauryan Empire • Ashoka – 1st emperor. • Converted to Buddhism. • Collapsed from outside attacks. • Gupta Empire • Religious tolerance. • Muslim invaders.

  24. Religions • Judaism • Hebrews • Monotheistic • Main deity - Yahweh • Covenant • Islam • Founded by Muhammad • Five Pillars of Faith. • Allah

  25. Religions • Christianity • Messiah: Jesus • Evangelical. • Hinduism • Bramin, Multiple gods, Darma, Karma. • Multiple Reincarnations.

  26. Religions • Buddhism • Four Noble Truths • Eightfold Path • Daosim (Taoism) • The Way • Harmony with nature.

  27. Caliphates • Split in Islamic believers after the death of Muhammad. • Sunni and Shiite • “Caliph” – Leader of the Islamic faith. • Umayyad Caliphate • Abbasid Caliphate • Golden Age of Islamic Culture

  28. Amerindian Civilizations • Olmec • Mother civilization for Central America. • Maya • Teotihuacan • Located in Mexico and Central America. • Religion included human sacrifice. • Ended by constant state of war.

  29. Amerindian Civilizations • Inca • Located along the Andes Mountains of Peru. • Specially adapted to high mountain altitudes. • Domesticated llamas. • Aztec • Tribute System.

  30. Forms of Government • Oligarchy • Rule by a small group of elite families. • Monarch • Leadership by one person passed through family. • Absolute and Constitutional Monarchy. • Republic • Citizens all participate in government. • Democracy • All citizens play the same role in government • Theocracy • Ruled by church or priests (No separation)

  31. Middle Ages • Collapse of Roman Empire led to fragmented leadership in Europe and the rise of the Byzantine Empire • Emperor Justinian. • Constantinople. • Feudalism • Manor System • Self-sufficient. • Serfdom

  32. Middle Ages • Great Schism • Catholic Church gains much power. • Split between “Western” Church and Byzantine Church. • Monasticism • Monastery orders dedicated to the service of God. • Vows of Chastity and Poverty.

  33. European Relationships • One Hundred Years’ War • England and France • Caused political entanglements. • France’s attempt to regain English territory. • Trade competition. • Holy Roman Empire • Spain and Portugal • Muslim invasion • Reconquesta

  34. Crusades • Causes • Religious fervor. • European desire for trade. • Personal Ambitions. • First Crusade • Byzantine empire asked for help against Muslim Turks. • Christians capture Jerusalem.

  35. Crusades • More crusades - none successful. • Effects of the Crusades • More awareness of the world as a whole. • Increased tensions between Muslims and Christians. • Increased trade.

  36. Black Death • Bubonic Plague • Traveled from Asia over Silk Road. • Carried by fleas on rats. • Killed 1/3 of European Population. • Caused society to modernize and gave more rights to the poor.

  37. Renaissance • Printing Press • Johannes Gutenberg • Classicism • Greater understanding and appreciation of Greek and Roman culture. • Important people • Da Vinci • Michelangelo • Titan

  38. Protestant Reformation • Failed attempts at Catholic Church reforms. • Martin Luther • Protested indulgences. • Formed Lutheran Church. • John Calvin • Predestination.

  39. Protestant Reformation • Anglican Church (Church of England) • Formed for political reasons against Pope’s authority. • Catholic Counter Reformation • Council of Trent • Inquisition.

  40. Islamic World • Berber States • Nomads • First to convert to Islam Mali. • Mansa Musa – Mali • Very Rich • Muslim that traveled throughout Africa and Middle East.

  41. Islamic World • Songhai • Askia Mohammed. • Islamic Achievements • Arabic Numerals • Algebra/Trig • Delhi Sultanate • Introduced Islam to India.

  42. Mongol Expansion • Khanates • Genghis • Khubilai • Conquest of China “Yuan Dynasty” • Mongol Advances • Stirrups • Advanced horse warfare • Inclusion of conquered peoples • Golden Horde and Il”Khan • Conflict over religion.

  43. Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires • Ottoman Empire • Major leader – Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. • Took over Constantinople • Long decline 1450-1920’s • Safavid Empire • Persia • Shiite Muslims

  44. Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires • Mughal Empire • India • Hindu majority ruled by Muslim minority. • All three “Gunpowder Empires”

  45. Absolutism • Absolute monarchies • Nation states emerge from feudal societies. • Common languages develop. • National identity. • Strong, unlimited power of monarch. • Rulers • Louis XIV, Habsburg rulers, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, Ivan the Terrible, etc.

  46. Constitutionalism • Monarchy with limited power. • Parliamentary governments. • Formed Great Britain • English Civil War • Oliver Cromwell – Military dictator of England. • Restoration • William and Mary

  47. Scientific Revolution • Scientific Revolution • Accelerated pace of scientific discovery. • Modern thinking on scientific reason and logic. • Great thinkers of Scientific Revolution • Sir Isaac Newton • Galileo

  48. Enlightenment • Enlightenment • Emphasis on scientific method. • Faith in the power of human reason. • Criticism of the Church to some extent. • Great Thinkers of the Enlightenment • Voltaire • Rousseau • Locke

  49. Ming/Qing China • Reaction to Mongol Dynasty • Used Mongol foundations to build empire. • Naval forces • Voyages of Zheng He • Very artistic (Ming ware) • Qing (Manchu) Dynasty • Established by Manchu peoples. • Full scale European trade begins in China. • Last dynasty of China.

  50. Japanese Shogunate • Japanese feudalism • Shogun • Daimyo • Samurai • Bushido • Comparison of Japanese and European Feudalism = Japanese feudal system more centralized.

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