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Breakthroughs in Bioscience

Breakthroughs in Bioscience From NIH-Funded Basic Research to Improved Health New York National Institutes of Health (NIH) Nation’s medical research agency Funds the science that leads to medical advancement

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Breakthroughs in Bioscience

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  1. Breakthroughs in Bioscience From NIH-Funded Basic Research to Improved Health New York

  2. National Institutes of Health (NIH) • Nation’s medical research agency • Funds the science that leads to medical advancement • Campus in Bethesda, MD – but most funding is distributed to university researchers throughout the United States • New York ranks 3rd among the states, with more than $1.8 billion in NIH awards; Columbia ranks 16th overall for NIH awards

  3. Research Enterprise Is Critical to New York’s Economy • The state ranks in the top 3 nationwide for number of federal scientific grants received • Columbia University received more than $275 million in NIH awards in FY08 • Mount Sinai School of Medicine at NYU topped $171 million while University of Rochester more than $168 million • Columbia provides jobs for more than 13,000 employees and generates more than $2 billion in economic activity for the city

  4. Leveraging the State’s Investment in Biotechnology • New York’s biotech and pharmaceutical industries employed more than 54,000 in 2003 • Growth in this industry is expected to create 7,000 new jobs in the state by 2012 • Columbia holds more than 150 patents, creating more than $165 million in annual revenues; state research institutions and biotech companies created 486 biotech patents in 2004

  5. Johns Hopkins UC San Francisco Pennsylvania Michigan – Ann Arbor Washington Washington U Pitt Yale Duke UCLA UNC – Chapel Hill UC San Diego Stanford Vanderbilt Columbia Minnesota Wisconsin Emory Baylor MIT The NIH Top 20 Universities: An Elite Group

  6. NIH: Saving Lives Through Science • Current annual budget of around $29.3 billion • Greater than 80% distributed throughout the country • More than 50,000 grants • 212,000 scientists • 2,800 universities • Portfolio of basic, translational, and clinical research NIH has been involved in nearly all the medical & health related discoveries of the past century

  7. How NIH Makes Science Happen… • Researchers working at local universities, hospitals and research institutions are dependent on federal support to fund their research, hire lab personnel and train young scientists • They write research grant proposals to compete for funding • Must explain why they think it’s a good idea, how they’re going to do the experiments, and what impact it will have on science & medicine • Proposals are reviewed in a two-tiered system • Peer-reviewed by scientists to ensure highest quality science • Reviewed again for applicability to scientific or health priorities by NIH officials and other stakeholders, including public members • NIH review system is the envy of the world! • Very competitive!!! • Before - 1 in 3 proposals funded; now closer to 1 in 6 • High quality research is not being done for lack of funding

  8. Basic Research: From Bench to Bedside • Much of NIH funding goes to basic or fundamental research • Basic research is driven by interest in a scientific question • The main motivation is to expand knowledge and understanding, not to create or invent something • However, the insight into how the human body works and understanding of how diseases and disorders operate provides the foundation for medical progress "People cannot foresee the future well enough to predict what's going to develop from basic research. If we only did applied research, we would still be making better spears." Dr. George Smoot, Berkeley National Lab

  9. What about medical breakthroughs? • Medical breakthroughs often come from unrelated areas of science or medicine • Research on cancer biology has led to drugs for: heart disease; viral diseases like influenza, Herpes & AIDS; and osteoporosis • Physicists studying the effects of magnets on atomic particles made the discovery that gave us MRI • Usually based on years or decades of fundamental knowledge • Over time, scientists solve or find different pieces of the puzzle • This makes it difficult to predict where the next breakthrough will come from • Makes it imperative to support a broad range of scientific research • Much of this research is too basic for the private sector • The federal investment often lays the foundation for advances in healthcare

  10. Evolution of Research to Healthcare Selected modern examples…

  11. Cardiovascular disease • Information on the biochemical structure & synthesis of cholesterol led to the development of statins • Discoveries in basic kidney biology and blood pressure regulation converged with an unexpected finding involving snake venom to yield ACE inhibitors, one of our most effective hypertension medications • Understanding how the blood clots, together with a new cancer treatment and the first commercial use of recombinant technologies, resulted in rtPA, a clot-busting drug that can prevent death from heart attack or stroke RESULTS??63% REDUCTION IN DEATHS FROM HEART DISEASE AND A 70% REDUCTION IN DEATHS DUE TO STROKE; MORE THAN 1 MILLION LIVES SAVED IN 2006 ALONE

  12. 500 ~ 1,329,000 Projected Deaths in 2000 400 300 Deaths per 100,000 200 ~ 514,000 Actual Deaths in 2000 100 50 55 65 75 80 85 90 95 00 Year Cardiovascular disease 60 70 Economic return of improved treatment & prevention $2.6 TRILLION 30-year Investment per American ~$110.00 Total

  13. HIV / AIDS • Fundamental knowledge of how viruses replicate gave scientists targets for therapy. Researchers looking for a new cancer drug hit one of those targets when they discovered a way to block replication, resulting in the development of AZT. • Increased understanding of how HIV operates at the cellular and molecular level identified more targets, and eventually led to the combination of drugs knows as the ‘triple cocktail.’ RESULTS??AIDS HAS BEEN TRANSFORMED FROM AN ACUTE FATAL ILLNESS TO A CHRONIC CONDITION; THE PROPHYLACTIC USE OF ANTI-VIRALS PREVENTED ALMOST 350,000 DEATHS WORLDWIDE IN 2005

  14. Deaths from AIDS dropped nearly 70% between 1995 and 2000 HIV / AIDS Survival rates for those infected with HIV has increased by 10 years

  15. Cancer • Basic research into the shape and characteristics of the estrogen receptor gave us tamoxifen, which can reduce breast cancer incidence among women at risk by over 45%. • The breakthrough finding that human papillomavirus (HPV) could cause cervical cancer has led to a new vaccine that NIH estimated could reduce cervical cancer incidence by as much as 90%. • While investigating the cellular machinery controlling cell growth, scientists developed bortezomib - now used to treat patients with multiple myeloma. RESULTS??FROM 1993-2002, CANCER DEATH RATES DROPPED 1.1% PER YEAR; MORE THAN 2/3 OF PEOPLE DIAGNOSED WITH CANCER CAN EXPECT TO LIVE 5+ YEARS

  16. Cancer Increase in Cancer Survivors 9 6 Millions of People 3 1971 1986 1990 2003 30-year Investment per American ~$260.00 Total

  17. Infant mortality • Studies on lung function led to the discovery of surfactant. This protein-lipid mixture is crucial for the survival of premature infants, decreasing the number of infant deaths from respiratory distress from 15,000 per year to less than 1,000. • The use of anti-virals to prevent mother to child HIV transmission has reduced the rate from 25% to about 1% in the U.S. • Studies on a metabolite of progesterone, known as progesterone 17P, have led to the finding that injections of this compound can reduce pre-term deliveries by as much as 30%, a particularly important result for African American women. RESULTS??IN LESS THAN A CENTURY, INFANT MORTALITY IN THE U.S. HAS BEEN REDUCED BY 90%, TRANSLATING TO ALMOST 500,000 BABIES SAVED PER YEAR

  18. NIH-Funded Research and Discoveries in NY • Researchers at Cornell found that cyclins link with kinase enzymes to cause relapses in multiple myeloma patients. This paves the way for new drug targets to prevent relapse of this deadly cancer. • Discovered a molecule, tenascin-C, and revealed how it helps guide the growth of new blood vessels, opening the door to new treatments for heart attack and stroke (Cornell Medical College) • Discovered genetic and cellular differences among B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients that can predict clinical outcome (North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System) • Cornell Medical College is evaluating the best laser treatments for BPH and prostate cancer • Developing new technologies for rapid mass screening of radiation exposure in the event of a terrorist attack/dirty bomb (Columbia Medical Center) • Identified a tumor suppressor gene involved in a large percentage of brain, breast, and prostate cancers (Columbia University College of Physicians)

  19. The Bottom Line… • People are living longer, healthier lives because of NIH funded medical research • What were once swiftly fatal illnesses have become treatable or manageable conditions • For those suffering from diseases that have no current treatment or cure, medical research provides hope – which has a major impact on quality of life

  20. The Challenge… • NIH funding is entirely dependent on Congressional support • In recent years, Congressional support has diminished, and the NIH budget is slowly eroding from lack of funding and inflation • Lack of understanding in Congress about the importance of medical research and the treatments and hope it provides • As the NIH budget falls, success rate also falls Diminished investment in NIH = loss of talented researchers = missed opportunities = delays in medical progress

  21. New York’s Congressmen Need to Advocate for NIH Funding • Nothing should surpass improving our health as a national priority • Opportunities for discoveries that translate to improved health for our citizens have never been greater • Every increase in the NIH budget means additional funding for research in the state and new jobs

  22. We Need your Help:Working Together for NIH • Contact Senators Gillibrand and Schumer, and your Congressional Representative • Let them know that medical research is important to you and what a bargain it is • Write a letter to the newspaper and talk to your friends • Help educate policymakers and neighbors about the important work NIH is doing • Nothing is more important than our health • The National Institutes of Health (NIH) should be an American priority

  23. Want to know more?? Please visit http://opa.faseb.org Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB)

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