Current Trends in the Power Quality Market

1. Current Trends in the Power Quality Market February 28, 2006

2. EPRI Power Quality Study in U.S. 93% of all Voltage sags and outages are less than 10 seconds in duration

3. Continuous Power System(CPS) Diesel Genset For continuous power after 10 seconds Critical Load UPS Electronics ATS Utility Power Battery string for immediate power

4. Applications: Data Center • Brokerage Firms, Credit Card Processing, Airline/Ticket Reservation Firms, Order Processing, “Internet Presence” • Average Cost per Outage: $200k - $6.5M

5. Applications: Healthcare/Hospital • MRI, CT, Cath Lab, Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Lab • Average Cost Per Outage: ???

6. Applications: Process Control • Semiconductor Manufacturing, Refineries, Petrochemical, Bakeries, Plastic Extrusion… • J.I.T. Shipments • Average Cost Per Outage: $40,000 - $2.5M

7. Costly Downtime! Industry Avg cost of downtime ($/hr)Brokerage $6,450,000 Credit Card $2,600,000 Pay Per View $150,000 Home Shopping $113,000 Catalog Sales $90,000 Airline Reservations $90,000 Tele-Ticket $69,000 Package Shipping $28,000 ATM Fees $14,400Source: 7x24 Exchange

8. “Insurance” Considerations • Cost of Outage vs. Cost of “Insurance” • Consider 5 year to 10 year life cycle cost • Do Not Forget Maintenance Costs • Which Energy Storage Technology is Best Suited for the Application?

9. Battery Technologies: • 10 Year “VRLA” • A.k.a. “Maintenance Free”, “Gel Cell”, AGM • 3 to 7 year life on most UPS’s • Fails in “open” or “shorted” position • Low cost, most prevalent

10. Conventional Grid Design Improved High Rate Grid Design

11. 20 Year Sealed VRLA 12 to 18 year life (depending on number of outages; environment) Fails in “shorted” position About 2x initial cost of 10Year VRLA Battery Technologies:

12. Battery Technologies: • 20 Year “Wet” Cell • 17 to 20 year life • Very reliable • High maintenance, large footprint, eye wash station… • About 3x initial cost of 10 Year VRLA

13. Battery Maintenance • IEEE Std 1188- Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) Batteries for Stationary Applications • Monthly: float voltage, charger output, temperature measurements • Quarterly: cell/unit ohmic values; temperature value of each negative terminal; representative sample of intercell connection resistances • Annually: cell-to-cell and terminal connection detail resistance of the entire battery; AC ripple current and/or voltage imposed on the battery

14. Battery Monitoring • More Prevalent • “Real Time” Status of Batteries • Monitors: Impedance, Temperature, and Float Charging Voltage • Cost = $6k to $10k per system (installed)

15. Other Energy Storage Technologies • Flywheels • Ultracapacitors • Lithium Ion Batteries • Thermal and Compressed Air Storage

16. UPS Electronics Trends

17. Static Bypass 6-Pulse Rectifier Inverter DC AC DC AC Input Filter Batteries Typical Double Conversion UPS Oneline

18. The Evolution of the Rectifier/Converter Device DIODE THYRISTOR IGBT:INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR IGBT

19. The Evolution of the Converter (Rectifier) Circuit CONV.:CONVERTER 6 PULSE CONV. 12 PULSE CONV. PWM CONV.:PULSE WIDTH MODULATION CONVERTER PWM CONV.

20. 6 PULSE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND INPUT CURRENT WAVEFORM Ic

21. 12 PULSE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND INPUT CURRENT WAVEFORM Ic Id 図３.７（５）　１２相サイリスタ整流回路と交流入力電流波形

22. THREE PHASE PWM CONVERTER CIRCUIT P L AC Input Current C AC Input Voltage Sine Wave Form (pf=1.0) N 図３.18PWM制御三相ブリッジコンバータ

23. 6-PULSE THYRISTOR RECTIFIER 12-PULSE THYRISTOR RECTIFIER PWM IGBT CONVERTER 5f 7f 11f 13f 17f 19f INPUT CURRENT HARMONIC CONTENT %

24. PWM CONVERTER (2) • The input power factor is UNITY (1.0) with PWM converter 0.8 – 0.85 with Thyristor rectifier

25. Results of IGBT Converter • Generator Sizing Dependant Upon UPS Input Requirements • Linear Current Draw = Smaller Generator • IEEE 519 – Low Current Harmonics at Utility Source

26. INVERTER POWER DEVICE HISTORY GTO:GATE TURN OFF THYRISTOR BPT:BIPOLAR POWER TRANSISTOR THYRISTOR G T O BPT IGBT:INSULATED GATE BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR IGBT

27. High Speed PWM Inverter • Improved output control characteristics resulting from the use of a high speed PWM inverter • 16kHz Switching Frequency • Supports nonlinear loads with minimal voltage distortion

28. “ALL IGBT UPS” IGBT INV IGBT CONV

29. Industry Trends

30. Also…Improving Efficiencies • UPS efficiencies are up 10% over the past 15 years • Most large UPS systems are currently over 93% efficient • In 3 - 5 Years, Most Large UPS Systems Will Be > 97% Efficient

31. Other Trends… • Higher Output Power Factor on UPS • Match trends in the Computer Power Supply Market • Internal Redundancy/Scalability for High 9’s Applications • Avoid Single Points of Failure • Maintain High Efficiency

32. What does all this mean? It’s dependant on your susceptibility. Given the quality of supply do I have to worry about problems with my equipment or systems?

33. What you should be asking… What is my susceptibility to power problems? What is my economic exposure to such problems? $$$$$$

34. The big picture… It’s the complete electrical environment, not just the quality of supply.

35. What you should be asking… Does my power system have the capacity for my present needs? How about future growth? Be proactive!

36. Thank you for your time! Chuck Barry Central Region Sales Manager Toshiba UPS 8711 Burnet Road, Suite E-55 Austin, TX 78731 Tel. (512) 658-5267 Email: Chuck.Barry@tic.toshiba.com