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The Gene…. …That changed the world. This will explain:. What is a gene? What is a sex-linked trait? Identify Hemophilia Show the implications of ONE GENE on the ENTIRE COURSE OF 20 th CENTURY HISTORY! . WHAT IS A GENE?. A gene is a portion of… …DNA that codes for… …a protein.
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The Gene… …That changed the world
This will explain: • What is a gene? • What is a sex-linked trait? • Identify Hemophilia • Show the implications of ONE GENE on the ENTIRE COURSE OF 20th CENTURY HISTORY!
WHAT IS A GENE? • A gene is a portion of… • …DNA that codes for… • …a protein. • A gene is also called… • …an EXON, because it is… • …expressed as a protein!
WHAT IS A CHROMOSOME? • A chromosome is a collection of… • …genes (exons) separated by… • …INTRONS (in between the exons, which code for… • …NOTHING!
CHROMOSOMES… • Come in pairs… • …one from each parent. • …They contain the same genes, but… • …different alleles. • HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS!
What is a sex-linked trait? • It is more common in males, but also found in females. • It is recessive. • It is found on the… • …X Chromosome.
Sex Determination • Does NOT mean you are determined to have sex! • It refers to Females having… • XX chromosomes • Males having… • XY chromosomes
What is Hemophilia? • It is a blood clotting disorder. • Victims lack ONE of EIGHT proteins required for blood to clot. • Victims may die from cuts…or bruises! • It is a… • …sex-linked trait!
Cast of Characters • England’s Queen Victoria • The Russian Royal Family: the Romanovs. • The Monk Rasputin • Lenin – Russia’s Communist leader to be
Queen Victoria (1819 – 1901) • …Ruled England for 64 years (1837 to 1901) • …had many children. • …was a carrier for Hemophilia, which means she was… • HETEROZYGOUS!
The Romanovs: Tsar Nicholas II • The last Royal leader of Russia. • He was forcibly removed from power, and… • …suffice to say that he was given a true burial only in 1999!
The Romanovs: Tsarina Alexandra • She was Queen Victoria’s Granddaughter. • She was also a German Princess, back in the days when royal marriages were the basis for strategic alliances. • She inherited the allele for Hemophilia (a carrier).
The Romanovs: The Children • There were 5 children, but only a male could be heir. • Olga (b. 11-15 -1895) • Tatiana (b. 6 -10 – 1897) • Maria (b. 6 -26 – 1899) • Anastasia (b. 6 -10 – 1901) more on her later… • Alexis (b. 8 - 12 – 1804) • Alexis is the heir… • The Tsarevich!
OLGA MARIA The Romanovs: The Children
TATIANA ANASTASIA The Romanovs: The Children
And what of the heir? • As the only male, Alexis was “destined to rule.” • As the son of a carrier of Hemophilia (Alexandra). • He had a 50% chance of inheriting the allele for the disorder… • On the X chromosome • He did inherit it… • He was a Hemophiliac!
More on Alexis… • Hemophilia could be fatal because the doctors didn't know how to treat it. • Alexis was confined to bed for long periods of time. • In 1912, he had an accident that nearly cost him his life causing him severe pain and fever. • He suffered so much that he said to his mother: "When I'm dead, it will not hurt anymore, will it, Mama?“ • He did survive through the help of a man named Rasputin.
The “EVIL” ? Monk Rasputin • Born in 1871, far from the capital of St. Petersburg. • He was neither a monk, nor a priest, but members of theRussian Orthodox fell under his sway as he entered the imperial court.
Rasputin’s Healing Powers? • He may have stopped the Tsarevich’s screams of pain… • …But he could not actually cure Alexis’s Hemophilia! • The Hemophilia did not kill Alexis…
Rasputin’s Influence… • Due to his supposed healing powers, he was given unrivaled access to the Royal family. • His corruption led to the growing distrust of the monarchy by the people.
The First Revolution (1905) • The first revolution by the Mensheviks (those in the minority) was a failed attempt at a democratic nation. • This led later (after Rasputin became involved) to another revolution…
The Setting: Russia during WW1 • The suffering and unrest of the Russian people was great, especially given the economic disparity and shortages during the war. • The distrust of the Tsarina added to the unrest.
The Communist Revolution • The 2nd revolution was a violent one… • Lenin and the Bolshevik’s seized power in October 1917, in the midst of the chaos of World War I.
Vladimir IIIyich Lenin (1870 – 1924) • The father of Communism in Russia. • He led the Bolshevik revolution which led to the Union of Soviet Socialists Republics (USSR). • He is body is displayed in Moscow’s Red Square.
Denoument: The Romanovs • They were kidnapped during the revolution. • All were assassinated on 7 – 17 – 1918! • Their body’s were not found until late in the 20th century!
Denoument: The myth of Anastasia • Is was long assumed she survived the assassination. • A Russian woman claimed for many years to be Anastasia. • …But her body was later found with the rest of the Royal family.
The chain of History that Followed! • The rise of Communism. • The Fall of many eastern European countries. • The Cold War. • The Development of N.A.T.O. • The buildup of the military during times of peace, at the expense of social programs.
The Conclusion? • Biology cannot be separated from our lives. • It not only affects us as individuals, but it also… • Has had a profound effect on human history! • Those interested should read up on infectious disease and history!
