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Oscilloscope Standards Basic Modular Units Logic What I’m NOT going to talk about:

Basic Electronics for Nuclear and Particle Physics. Oscilloscope Standards Basic Modular Units Logic What I’m NOT going to talk about: How to make individual electronic modules, component circuitry, data acquisition. Basic (Analog) Oscilloscope. Deflection voltage electrodes

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Oscilloscope Standards Basic Modular Units Logic What I’m NOT going to talk about:

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  1. BasicElectronics for Nuclear and Particle Physics Oscilloscope Standards Basic Modular Units Logic What I’m NOT going to talk about: How to make individual electronic modules, component circuitry, data acquisition

  2. Basic (Analog) Oscilloscope Deflection voltage electrodes Electron gun Electron beam Focusing coil Phosphor-coated inner side of the screen.

  3. Digital Oscilloscope • The vertical input, instead of driving the vertical amplifier, is digitized by an analog to digital converter and sent to an LCD flat panel (or other) display • Memory, computer interface • Brighter and bigger display, with color • Peak detection and other software

  4. Function Generator

  5. Connections • BNC • For coaxial cable Whatsit? • 50 and 75 ohm versions • LEMO • miniature push-pull coaxial, with a 50 ohm impedance (to replace BNC) • HV - should be on red cable • Ribbon • Cable - careful of impedance!

  6. Standardized Electronics • NIM, CAMAC, VME, Fastbus, PCI…. • encompass a wide range of mechanical and electrical definitions - provides cost and convenience advantages • flexibility and interchangeability • Easily configurable • Update with a few modules • Example: CAMAC modules are exactly half the width of the minimum NIM module width. Power plug adapters are available from several manufacturers to permit NIM modules to slide into a CAMAC crate and derive their power from the CAMAC power supply.

  7. NIM Standard (see, for instance) http://www-esd.fnal.gov/esd/catalog/intro/intronim.htm • Nuclear Instruments and Methods - 1964 (DOE/ER-0457) • Common “backplane” power distribution, detachable supply delivering +6 V, -6 V, +12 V, -12 V, +24 V, and -24 V • No computer interface • height of 8.75” (1.35” single, 2.70” double width) Plug in standardized modules!

  8. CAMAC Standard (Computer Automated Measurement And Control) • Provides a scheme to allow a wide range of modular instruments to be interfaced to a standardized backplane called a DATAWAY, which interfaces with a computer • Primary application is data acquisition, may also be used for remotely programmable trigger and logic applications • Number of stations, module size, voltages, etc. defined in standard • Individual crates are controlled by slave or intelligent controllers.

  9. VME, VersaModular Eurocard • 1981, Motorola • High data rate, high performance I/O • CAMAC 24 bit, 1-5 MHz, 25 station, TTL level, any computer or operating system • VME 32/64 bit, 40-160 MHz, 20 or 13 slots, TTL level, can use Motorola but not Intel CPU (works also with VXI) • VME hardware typically less expensive than CAMAC, but software more • VME. CAMAC compatible and can be mixed to a degree

  10. OK, let’s put some modules in…

  11. Amplifier • CAMAC • NIM Why do these look so different?

  12. Discriminator

  13. Scaler • Counter / Timer • NIM • ECL

  14. Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) • Converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers, typically input analog voltage • Also • MCA, multi-channel analyzer, for pulse height analysis • DAC, digital to analog converter • TDC, time to digital converter • Where might you use this?….

  15. Discriminator • “A device that converts a property of an input signal, such as frequency or phase, into an amplitude variation, depending on how the signal differs from a standard or reference signal.” What does this mean…?

  16. Fan In / Fan Out Logic Fan In / Fan Out

  17. Logic Unit

  18. Gate / Delay Generator • Provides precise delays for triggering, syncing, delaying and gating events • Gating allows regions of interest to be processed and stored while ignoring the bulk of unwanted data • Can also delay by….?……

  19. Logic “Levels” • Logic levels are defined by current ranges. • NIM standard also requires 50 ohm input/out impedances, correspond to voltages of 0 V and -0.8 V for logic 0 and 1, respectively • ECL, Emitter-Coupled Logic” • "0" = -1.75 V = LOW = False • "1" = -0.9 V = HIGH = True • Advantage: transistors change states at very high speed. • Disadvantage: transistors continuously draw current, so circuits require a lot of power and generate a lot of heat. • TTL, Transistor–Transistor Logic • 1962, Texas instruments • Low cost - computers, consumer electronics, synthesizers • [Others] • Why am I talking about transistors?…. • Why is it called a “level”… • What would it look like on an oscilloscope?

  20. Let’s put this all together….trigger logic JLab Hall C HMS Spectrometer

  21. HMS

  22. Lots more… • Variations on ALL of the above • Waveform digitizers, qVts, pulse height analyzers, coincidence units, mean timers,…….. • But, you’ve got the basics! • READ Tektronix XYZ's of Analog and Digital Oscilloscopes Basic Concepts - can find on web and download! • Web Search and find out about all the modules and standards presented today - get familiar • THERE WILL BE A LAB……..

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