APUSH - Unit #7A Topic 26

1. APUSH - Unit #7ATopic 26 The Modern Temper (1920s) (1919—1929)

2. APUSH PowerPoint #7.4 (Part 1 of 1) Unit #7 Chapters 21 BFW Textbook (eBook) – “Unsettled Prosperity: From War to Depression” (1919—1932) TOPIC – The Modern Temper [1919-1933]

3. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I. • Explain how rising communism and socialism in the United States led to the “Red Scare” and immigrant restriction. • Identify Henry Ford, mass production, and the automobile. • Describe the impact of radio and film. • Describe modern forms of cultural expression; include Louis Armstrong and the origins of jazz, Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance, Irving Berlin, and Tin Pan Alley.

4. Chapter 26:Politics of the Roaring Twenties Overview Americans lash out at those who are different while they enjoy prosperity and new conveniences produced by American businesses. During the 1920s, rural America clashes with a faster-paced urban culture. Women’s attitudes and roles change, influenced in part by the mass media. Many African Americans join in the new urban culture.

5. Section 1 – Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues Main Idea: The Russian Revolution brings a Communist government to power in the new Soviet Union. Many Americans fear that a similar revolution will occur in the United States. Political radicals and labor leaders meet with increasing opposition.

6. Communism – An economic and political system based on one-party rule and society consisting of complete equality. Communist theories were based on the works of Karl Marx (a 19th century German philosopher) in his Communist Manifesto (1848). Opposed capitalism and individual freedom guaranteed by the Constitution. a. Explain how rising communism and socialism in the United States led to the “Red Scare” and immigrant restriction. Karl Marx

7. “Red Scare” – The fearthat the spread of communism would arrive in the United States. Palmer Raids – Attempt by the Attorney general of the United States to hunt down suspected communists, socialists, radicals, and foreign-born immigrants and arrest or deport (1919 – 1920). a. Explain how rising communism and socialism in the United States led to the “Red Scare” and immigrant restriction. Mitchell Palmer

8. Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti – Two Italian-born Americans arrested for a suspected murder. Both were accused of being anarchists (people who oppose any form of government). Their trial brought international attention when they were found guilty and executed. a. Explain how rising communism and socialism in the United States led to the “Red Scare” and immigrant restriction. Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti

9. Rise of the Klan – The rise in Klan activity was the result of the “Red Scare” and anti-immigrant hysteria. Quota System – Created from the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 which established a maximum number of immigrants allowed from foreign nations. a. Explain how rising communism and socialism in the United States led to the “Red Scare” and immigrant restriction. Protesting Immigration in the early 1920s

10. Labor Unions Lose Appeal— The booming economic prosperity of the 1920s brought many out of the factories to other non-factory jobs. Membership declined for the following reasons: Many workers were immigrants. Difficulty in organizing the unions due to language barriers. Farmers (who had migrated to the city) were used to relying on themselves. Most unions excluded African Americans from membership. a. Explain how rising communism and socialism in the United States led to the “Red Scare” and immigrant restriction.

11. Section 2 – The Harding Presidency Main Idea: The Harding Administration appealed to America’s desire for calm and peace after the war and a “Return to Normalcy.” Scandal will plague the Harding Administration.

12. Warren G. Harding 29th President 1921 – 1923 Party:Republican Home State: Ohio Vice President: Calvin Coolidge

13. Domestic Conservative Republican. Former Ohio Senator. Wanted a “Return to Normalcy” after the First World War. Had a Corrupt Cabinet known as the “Ohio Gang.” “Teapot Dome Scandal” was an infamous scandal during his presidency. Died in office (August 2, 1923) of a stroke. Foreign Supported European Reconstruction. Warren G. Harding

14. 1. What political, economic, and social effects did World War I have on the United States? The United States changed after World War I in the following ways. . . Socially, Americans endured the deadly influenza pandemic and encountered fears about the communist revolution. Economically, Americans faced rising inflation and a competitive job market. Politically, Americans were tired of Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy and elected a Warren G. Harding who promised to “return to normalcy.” “The Twenties”(p. 1)

15. Isolationism – A policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs. Pro-business Policies – Harding and his Cabinet pushed for laissez-faire policies favoring business over labor and low taxes. Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922– Increased taxes on imports to 60% in an effort to protect American businesses. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I.

16. Harding’s Cabinet – Secretary of State-Charles E. Hughes Secretary of Commerce-Herbert Hoover Secretary of the Treasury- Andrew Mellon Secretary of the Interior- Albert Fall SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I. Herbert Hoover Andrew Mellon

17. Charles Evans Hughes – Secretary of State who pushed for disarmament from former allies. Washington Naval Conference – Meeting of former Allied powers which focused on disarming militaries from World War I. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I. Charles Evans Hughes

18. Teapot-Dome Scandal – Secretary Fall secretly gave away oil fields to friends of his in the oil industry. Teapot Dome, WY was the site of the largest oil field. Albert B. Fall – He became the first American found guilty of a felony while holding a Cabinet post. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I. Political Cartoon— “ Teapot Dome Scandal” Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall

19. Calvin Coolidge 30th President 1923 – 1929 Party:Republican Home State: Massachusetts Vice President: Charles G. Dawes

20. Domestic Became president after the death of Warren G. Harding Wanted to bring respect back to the office of the presidency Conservative Republican Believed in limited government and low taxes Foreign Calvin Coolidge • Supported the Dawes Plan of 1924 to help Germany with its reparation payments to former Allies of WWI • President who signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 to limit the potential of warfare

21. Dawes Plan of 1924– Arranged to send low-interest loans to Germany to help pay back reparations. The loans would then be used to pay back German debt to Britain and France. Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 – An agreement between the United States and France (and 60 other nations) to outlaw war as an instrument of national foreign policy. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I.

22. 3. How did domestic and foreign policy change direction under presidents Harding and Coolidge? Both Harding and Coolidge refused to use legislation to make social changes. Unlike the Progressives, Harding and Coolidge supported economic policies which favored big business. Harding and Coolidge maintained an isolationist foreign policy keeping the United States out of world affairs. “The Twenties”(p. 2)

23. Section 3 – The Rise of Consumerism in the 1920s Main Idea: Consumer goods fueled the business boom of the 1920s as America’s standard of living soared.

24. Henry Ford – Pioneer in the automobile industry who wanted to make cars affordable. Used the assembly line (efficient way of using workers to assemble finished goods) to make cars cheap and reliable. Ford’s Model-T was his first mass- produced automobile. b. Identify Henry Ford, mass production, and the automobile. Henry Ford

25. Impact of the Automobile – A paved American road system. Architecture in home and business construction changed. New industries– motels, public garages, hotels, shopping centers, repair shops, etc. Liberated the rural family who could now travel to the city. More independence for everyone through increased mobility. Created urban sprawl outside of cities. Used as a status symbol among classes. b. Identify Henry Ford, mass production, and the automobile.

26. Charles Lindbergh – First to cross the Atlantic in 1927 from New York to Paris. Airplane Industry – Began as a mail carriers for the United States Post Office, but airlines began to carry passengers in the 1920s. Pan American Airlines created the first transatlantic flights in 1927. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I.

27. Annual Income (Average) – By 1929, Americans controlled nearly 40% of the world’s wealth. Between 1920 – 1929, American annual income rose 35% from $522 to $705. People spent more than income during this same period using new methods of borrowing. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I.

28. Electrical Conveniences – Electricity replaced gasoline New appliances included the washing machine, vacuum cleaner, and sewing machine. Modern Advertising – Brand names became popular as did mass media advertisement of new products. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I. Washing Machine (c. 1927) 1920s Vacuum

29. Producing Mass Quantities of Goods – As productivity increased, so did new business resulting in numerous mergers in steel, auto, and utilities. Chain stores sprouted up across the nation selling cheaper goods. Income gap began to widen between wealthy and poor. Machines made farming too efficient causing a drop in prices and the decline of the family farm. Various industries also suffered from overproduction. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I.

30. Buying Goods on Credit – In addition to advertising the idea of buying goods on credit lured Americans into buying more than they made. Installment Plan – A credit plan which allowed people to buy goods on credit with little down. Decade of Spending – Most Americans began to only worry about the present without any concern for the future— The decade of an easy life and enjoyment was heading for a paradox. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I.

31. 2. How did the booming economy of the 1920s lead to changes in life? The booming economy of the 1920s changed life in the following ways. . . The workweek shortened to forty hours allowing for more leisure time. Consumers used new credit instruments to buy new machines and stocks. Many prosperous Americans relied on cars for transportation and moved to the suburbs where they could enjoy more space. “The Twenties”(p. 1)

32. Section 4 – Changing Ways of Life Main Idea: Americans experience cultural conflicts as customs and values change in the United States during the 1920s.

33. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I. Prohibition – • The Eighteenth Amendment forbade the manufacturing, sale, and possession of alcohol (1919 – 1934) and led to organized crime increasing. Enforcing the Law

34. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I. Volstead Act (1919) – • Established the Prohibition Bureau within the United States Treasury Department in an effort to enforce the law. • Elliot Ness was the most famous of the Treasury officials who went after organized crime. Elliot Ness

35. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I. • speakeasies – • Underground liquor hangouts where people obtained illegal alcohol. • People spoke “easily” as to not draw attention to themselves. bootleggers – • Smugglers of alcohol from Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean.

36. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I. Al Capone – • The most infamous of the “gangster” mobs of the 1920s and 1930s – he was arrested in 1931 for tax evasion, despite earning $60 million annually from bootlegging. Organized Crime – • Increased in almost every major city due to the demand for alcohol as a result of Prohibition.

37. Fundamentalism – Religious movement skeptical of the scientific discoveries and theories. Supporters took a literal translation of the Bible. John Scopes – Biology teacher who was arrested, fined, and jailed for teaching evolution in class. Clarence Darrow – ACLU lawyer who defended John Scopes. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I. John Scopes

38. William Jennings Bryan – Former Presidential candidate who argued on behave of the school system against the teaching of evolution. Scopes “Monkey” Trial – Tennessee passed a law to make it illegal to teach evolution. When John Scopes taught evolution, his trial caused a national media frenzy. The result was evidence over the clash of cultures in the 1920s. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I. William Jennings Bryan

39. 4. How did rural and urban Americans differ on major social issues? Many rural Americans were more religious and traditional while many urban Americans were more interested in science and prosperity. Rural Americans often opposed evolution and new roles for women, and supported Prohibition. “The Twenties”(p. 2)

40. Section 5 – Popular Culture Main Idea: American women pursued new lifestyles and assumed new jobs and different roles in society during the 1920s. Mass media, film, and spectator sports played important roles in creating a new “popular” culture of the 1920s— A culture that many artists and writers criticized.

41. Flapper – An emancipated young women who embraced the new fashions and anti-traditional attitudes of the day. The Flapper was more about image than a widespread reality. Traditionalists protested the Flappers as a threat to moral values. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I.

42. New Opportunities – Women began to work in factories, stores, and schools resulting in nearly 10 million women workers by 1930. Changing Family– The family changed in many ways: Birthrates declined drastically during he 1920s due in part to information concerning birth control. New technology and machines made work at home easier. Modernism challenged traditional views. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I.

43. Expanded News Coverage – The increase of education increased literacy which promoted a widespread mass culture of newspaper readers and radio listeners. Magazines were read by millions. Time magazine was founded in 1926. c. Describe the impact of radio and film.

44. Impact of Radio – Widespread use of radio changed the way information was processed. By 1930, nearly 40% of households had radios. Live broadcasts changed the scope of social, political, and economic culture. c. Describe the impact of radio and film. Radio brought live bands, music, and news Into the home.

45. F. Scott Fitzgerald – Author who coined the phrase, the “Jazz Age” in reference to the 1920s. He was a member of the “Lost Generation” and used his works to reveal the negative side of the period’s excesses and freedom. His famous works include This Side of Paradise and The Great Gatsby. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I.

46. Ernest Hemmingway – Member of the “Lost Generation” and author of The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms. “Lost Generation” – The small group ofAuthors who used their works to reveal the negative side of the period’s excesses and freedoms of the 1920s. SSUSH16— The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of World War I.

47. 5. How did the new mass culture reflect technological changes in the 1920s? Film, radio, and records all reached a national audience, and created celebrities and trends at the same time across the nation. The new American society was reflected in action films, radio shows, and fast dance music (e.g. jazz music) on records. “The Twenties”(p. 2)

48. Section 6 – The Harlem Renaissance Main Idea: African-American ideas, politics, art, literature, and music flourished in Harlem and elsewhere in the United States.

49. Second “Great Migration” – The migration was an expression of their changing attitudes towards themselves. Marcus Garvey – Leader of the Black NationalistMovement of the 1920s which helped elevate black pride – He was later arrested, tried, convicted of mail fraud and jailed. d. Describe modern forms of cultural expression; include Louis Armstrong and the origins of jazz, Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance, Irving Berlin, and Tin Pan Alley.

50. “Harlem Renaissance” – A literary and artistic movement celebrating Black Culture throughout the 1920s. African American Writers & Performers– The movement was led by educated, middle-class black leaders who expressed pride in black culture. d. Describe modern forms of cultural expression; include Louis Armstrong and the origins of jazz, Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance, Irving Berlin, and Tin Pan Alley.