Period 2: 1607-1754

1. Period 2: 1607-1754 Colonial America

2. Chapter 2 The Thirteen Colonies and the British Empire, 1607-1754

3. European Colonialism in The New World • 1490’s—Europeans came to the America’s (the New World) in search of a place they had already been…Asia. • They wanted to trade silk, spices, and gold with China, India, and Japan…They didn’t know North and South America were in the way. • Christopher Columbus in 1492 “discovers” the Island of Hispania (Haiti) and a national hero is born!!!!!

4. Chesapeake vs. New England

6. Native American Relations • The Starving Time—1609-10, Indians killed the livestock of Jamestown in retaliation of an earlier colonist raid and barricaded them inside the city where they were forced to eat “rats, cats, and dogs” until supplies arrived from England. In 1609 there were 500 residence in Jamestown. By 1610 there were only 60. • The Pequot War—1637, a near genocide of the Pequot Indians by Connecticut colonists who were in competition with the Indians over trade with Dutch and land.

7. Native American Relations • King Philip’s War—1675 Chief Wampanoag led a war to exterminate the New England colonists who were encroaching on their land and were attempting to convert them to Christianity. Over 2,000 colonists were killed until the Chief was captured and killed. • Bacon’s Rebellion—A rebellion of pour white Virginia colonists and slaves who were pushed out into the wilderness by wealthy landowners and attacked by Indians. Bacon led a rebellion to get back land and force the Virginia governor to protect the wilderness colonists from Indians.

8. Mercantilism • A belief that the world’s wealth is very limited so one nation’s gain is another nation’s loss. What would this lead a country to do? • The goal was to have more exports than imports and build a stockpile of gold and silver. • To achieve this goal the government heavily regulated the economy. • England adopts Mercantilism and uses the colonies to produce raw goods tax free and cheap so it does not have to buy those goods from other countries. How do the colonists feel about this? • NAVIGATION ACTS—British law that outlawed the sale of certain Colonial goods to anyone but the British Why would they do that?

9. Colonial Life

10. Economy: N vs. S Tobacco, Rice, Indigo and Cash Crops Diverse Agriculture Indentured Servants Boom and Bust Economy Industrial Raw Materials Strong Social/Economic Hierarchy Relied heavily on English credit Small Industry Grew Local Merchants Participated in the Triangle Trade Slave workforce Little to no slavery Relied on European Trade Foreign Merchants Close ties to Europe Culturally Plantation System

11. The Triangle Trade

12. Indentured Servants • Hard times (near famine, and scarce resources) pushed English people of all classes to the colonies to try something new. • Many could not afford passage to the New World, or who had any place to stay, INDENTURED themselves (promised their labor for 5 years) to people who were: • Usually wealthy • Needed immediate labor when they arrived in the New World • Needed the skills or knowledge of a particular servant (farmer, blacksmith, tanner, etc.) • Indentured Servants did not have the same rights as everyone else • An Indentured woman could not marry without the permission of her employer • Servants could not own land or vote • 33% of the people who emigrated to the Northern Colonies came as Indentured Servants—40% of the people in the Southern Colonies were indentured Servants

13. Slavery • Slavery begins with Columbus in the West Indies and migrates to the continent • Slavery was “required” in the Southern Economy • Cash crops like rice and tobacco required massive tracts of land, huge crop yields to be profitable, and an extremely large labor force=cheap labor force (slaves) • 1640—Virginia had 300 slaves—1/100 of the population • 1670—Virginia had 2,000 slaves –1/20 of the population • 1700—Virginia had 6,000 slaves—1/12 of the population • 1760—Virginia had 170,000 slaves—1/2 of the population

14. Chapter 3 Colonial Society in the 18th Century

15. The Great Awakening • 1730-1740 • Declining religious piety led colonial Churches to try and reinvigorate Christianity and activity in the church. • Emphasized missionary spirit—converting Indians and Slaves to Christianity • Emphasized breaking away from the past • Divided the church in the colonies What was the PSE impact of a divided Church on the New World?

16. The Enlightenment • A philosophy that stressed that reason can be used to improve the human condition…not just God. • Enlightened thinkers (like Thomas Jefferson) believed that people had “natural rights” they were born with. Remind you of anything? • Lead to a greater belief and reliance on science and medicine • Stressed education • Believed that people were in control of their own destiny (God didn’t control everything)

17. Colonists Becoming Americans • Colonists tired of British policy of SALUTARY NEGLECT • The King ignored the colonies and focused on gaining new territories and protecting the homeland, • Appointing officials in the colonies based on political connections rather than skills • Weakened British hold on political affairs in the colonies • Lead to more self governing colonies • Growth of Colonial Assemblies—Colonists began governing themselves and writing their own laws • ALBANY PLAN • Proposed by Benjamin Franklin, it was the first attempt to organize all the colonies into one “federation” • Organized to help defend against the French and Indians • First proposal for a “nation” of states/colonies • Was never approved

18. France vs. Britain • French and Indian War 1756-1763 • Fought over control of North American Trade and resources • Fought between French/Iroquois vs. British/Colonists • Much of the fighting was on the “frontier” • Colonists were generally not in support of the war. WHY? • British had to offer to pay colonial militias and reimburse them to get them to fight. 24,000 did creating huge British debt. • Treaty of Paris ended the war and pushed the French north into what is now Canada, and gave Spain the territory of Louisiana.

19. Washington in the F&I War

20. Wounds of War • French and Indian war is incredibly costly for Britain • They levy taxes on the colonists to pay for war debts Is this fair? • Americans are bitter over how they are treated by the British • British continue to place more and more taxes on the colonies to pay for the Empire • Dissent gains strength

21. Breaking Ties • Public discourse and anger of British taxation without representation fuels a growing movement towards independence • Sugar, Currency, and Stamp Acts—the British try oppression to quite the colonies • Sons of Liberty 1765—group formed in Boston championing independence • The Boston Massacre 1770—public view of British as violent bully’s killing their own people • The First Continental Congress 1775—coming together of colonial delegate, nothing happens. • Common Sense by Thomas Paine 1776—popular pamphlet that lays the foundation for independence • The Second Continental Congress 1776—The Declaration of Independence

22. Chapter 5 The American Revolution