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Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA

Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA. Biotechnology. The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product Foods Vaccines Antibiotics Vitamins Biodegradation Selective breeding. Genetic Engineering. Manipulating an organism’s genome to

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Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA

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  1. Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA

  2. Biotechnology • The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product • Foods • Vaccines • Antibiotics • Vitamins • Biodegradation • Selective breeding

  3. Genetic Engineering • Manipulating an organism’s genome to • alter microbes, plants, and animals for our benefit • correct genetic defects in humans

  4. Other Uses of Genetic Technology • Genetic technologies also used to identify individuals - UA part of Shoah Project to ID Holocaust victims (Wildcat, October 4, 2006) • UA project to trace ancestry • Diagnosis and epidemiology of disease

  5. Useful Properties of DNA • DNA sequences specify gene locations and protein amino acid sequence • Restriction endonucleases cut at specific nucleotides; size of pieces gives us information about DNA sequence • Nucleotides hydrogen bond with complementary nucleotides • DNA hybridization allows recognition of specific genes

  6. A probe is a piece of complementary DNA of known sequence, labeled with radioactivity so it can be detected

  7. DNA Fingerprinting: Forensics

  8. DNA Fingerprinting: Epidemiology • Comparison of DNA from • patients • food

  9. Useful Properties of DNA • The complementary strands of DNA can be separated and re-associated by heating and cooling • One strand of DNA specifies the sequence of the other strand • mRNA specifies the sequence of the gene (DNA)

  10. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Amplifies DNA • Primers specify what DNA is copied

  11. PCR Amplifies DNA • Diagnosis • Epidemiology • Genetic engineering

  12. Recombinant DNA • Combining DNA from two different organisms

  13. Useful Properties of DNA • Restriction endonucleases can cut DNA at specific sites, leaving sticky ends for insertion of new DNA

  14. Selection of Altered Cells • Antibiotic resistance gene used to identify recombinant cells

  15. Genetically Modified Organisms • Herbicide-resistant plants • Bt cotton/corn (toxin gene from Bacillus thuringiensis that kills insects) • Flavr-Savr tomatoes • Golden rice (beta-carotene) • Plant-based vaccines

  16. Transgenic Animals • “Knock-out” and transgenic mice: used to study immune system and genetic diseases • Pigs: blood clotting Factor VIII, organs for transplantation • Others: Human IL-2 (cancer), albumin (blood volume), growth hormone, tPA (dissolves clots)

  17. Genetically Engineering Humans • Bone marrow supplies stem cells • Successful replacement of gene for enzyme needed for lymphocyte development

  18. Difficulties in Genetically Engineering Humans • Inserting gene in correct cells • Inserting gene so it is expressed correctly • Orientation • Regulation • Controlling virus vector • Ethical issues

  19. Other Issues • How will genetically engineered organisms affect environment? • Spread of genes to other organisms? • Who will decide?

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